Untitled Deck

Question 1

Cell division

Answer 1

The timing and location of cell division is crucial to proper development and is highly regulated.

Question 2

Mitotic regulation

Answer 2

Involves checkpoints and social control.

Question 3

Cell differentiation

Answer 3

The process of becoming a specialized type of cell.

Question 4

Cell fate

Answer 4

What a cell will become in the course of development.

Question 5

Stem cells

Answer 5

Undifferentiated cells.

Question 6

Meristems

Answer 6

Stem cells in plants located at areas that continue to develop throughout the plant’s life.

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

The most common type of cell death in animal development.

Question 8

Differential expression

Answer 8

Different patterns of gene expression in different types of cells lead to their differentiation.

Question 9

Genetic equivalence

Answer 9

Cells have the same genes.

Question 10

Pattern formation

Answer 10

Complex organization of cell fates in space and time, controlled by genes.

Question 11

Morphogen

Answer 11

Molecule used to indicate cell position via concentration gradient during pattern formation.

Question 12

Body Axes

Answer 12

Anterior - toward the head; Posterior - towards the tail; Dorsal - toward the back; Ventral - toward the belly.

Question 13

Tool-kit genes

Answer 13

The small subset of genes that control an organism’s development.

Question 14

Homeotic genes

Answer 14

Genes that control the development of anatomical structures.

Question 15

Hox genes

Answer 15

Highly conserved genes that help control development along the anterior-posterior axis.

Question 16

Fertilization

Answer 16

When sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote.

Question 17

Cleavage

Answer 17

Rapid mitotic cell divisions occur as the zygote travels to the uterus.

Question 18

Indeterminate cleavage

Answer 18

The cells that arise are able to develop into a whole organism.

Question 19

Determinate cleavage

Answer 19

The cells that arise are committed to differentiation.

Question 20

Blastomere

Answer 20

Cells created during cleavage.

Question 21

Morula

Answer 21

Early stage embryo that consists of a solid ball of cells.

Question 22

Cytoplasmic determinants

Answer 22

Regulatory molecules located in specific regions of the egg so as to be distributed unevenly.

Question 23

Blastulation

Answer 23

The process by which the morula transforms into a blastocyst.

Question 24

Blastula

Answer 24

Hollow ball of cells (mammalian blastula is called blastocyst).

Question 25

Implantation

Answer 25

Blastocyst implants in the uterus.

Question 26

Gastrulation

Answer 26

Formation of the three germ layers, forming a gastrula.

Question 27

Ectoderm

Answer 27

Cells that remain outside and form nerves, adrenal medulla, skin, brain, eyes, and inner ear.

Question 28

Mesoderm

Answer 28

Internal cells that give rise to organs, adrenal cortex, blood, bone, gonads, and the soft tissues.

Question 29

Endoderm

Answer 29

Innermost cells that form the epithelial linings of the digestive tract, liver, pancreas, and lungs.

Question 30

Organogenesis

Answer 30

The process of organ and tissue development.

Question 31

Neurulation

Answer 31

Formation of nervous tissue from primary germ layers.

Question 32

Cell determination

Answer 32

Irreversible commitment of a cell to a particular developmental path, resulting in a specific cell type.