Untitled Deck Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is a solution?
A solution is a mixture in which the solute (minor component) is uniformly distributed within the solvent (major component).
Example: Salt water is a solution in which salt (solute) is dissolved in water (solvent).
What does the concentration of a solution indicate?
The concentration of a solution tells you how much solute is dissolved in the solvent.
What is an unsaturated solution?
An unsaturated solution has less than the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.
What is a saturated solution?
A saturated solution has the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.
What is a supersaturated solution?
A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature and pressure.
What is solubility?
Solubility describes the ability of a substance to be dissolved, especially in water.
What are the three categories of solutes?
- Strong Electrolytes: fully dissociate in water.
- Weak Electrolytes: incompletely dissociate in water.
- Non-Electrolytes: do not dissociate in water.
What are the solubility rules for solids and gases?
Solids are more soluble at higher temperatures. Gases are more soluble at lower temperatures and more soluble at higher pressures.
What is spectrophotometry?
Spectrophotometry is a method that measures how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through a sample solution.
What does Beer’s Law state?
A = lc, where A = absorbance, l = path length, c = concentration of solution.
What is polarity?
Polarity occurs when compounds have a difference in electronegativities between the elements of the compound.
What is a polar molecule?
A polar molecule has a net dipole moment, meaning it has a slightly positive charge on one end and a slightly negative charge on the other end.
What are examples of polar molecules?
Examples of polar molecules include: Water (H2O), Hydrogen chloride (HCl), Ammonia (NH3).
What is a non-polar molecule?
A non-polar molecule does not have a net dipole moment, meaning it does not have a slightly positive charge on one end and a slightly negative charge on the other end.
What are examples of non-polar molecules?
Examples of non-polar molecules include: Hydrogen gas (H2), Oxygen gas (O2), Nitrogen gas (N2).
What are intermolecular forces?
Intermolecular forces are the attractive and repulsive forces between molecules.
What are the types of intermolecular forces?
- London Dispersion Forces: Weak forces from temporary dipoles.
- Dipole-Dipole Interactions: Medium-strength forces between polar molecules.
- Hydrogen Bonding: Strong forces between hydrogen and electronegative atoms.
What does ‘like dissolves like’ mean?
‘Like dissolves like’ is a principle stating that polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes.
What are pure substances?
A pure substance is a sample of matter with a definite and constant composition and distinct chemical properties.
What are mixtures?
A mixture is a physical combination of two or more substances.
What is molarity?
Molarity is the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution.
What is molality?
Molality is the concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
What is dilution?
Dilution is the process of reducing the concentration of a solute in a solution by adding more solvent.
What is the dilution equation?
The dilution equation is M1V1 = M2V2.
