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French us history > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Corporatism?

A

A system where society is organized into collective groups, such as trade unions or industry sectors, to mediate between individuals and the state.

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2
Q

What is the lachrymose view of Jewish history?

A

A historical interpretation focusing on the suffering and persecution of Jewish communities throughout history.

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3
Q

What was the financial impact of the French and Indian War?

A

Britain’s massive war debt led to increased taxation of American colonies, fueling colonial unrest.

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4
Q

What is salutary neglect?

A

Britain’s relaxed enforcement of colonial regulations, allowing colonies to operate with greater autonomy.

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5
Q

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

A

A British order banning colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to appease Native American tribes.

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6
Q

What is mercantilism in relation to the 13 Colonies?

A

The economic policy where colonies provided raw materials and markets for the benefit of the mother country, Britain.

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7
Q

What was the Stamp Act?

A

A 1765 British tax on printed materials in the colonies, sparking widespread protest.

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8
Q

What was the Stamp Act Congress?

A

A 1765 meeting of colonial delegates to organize resistance to the Stamp Act and assert colonial rights.

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9
Q

What is non-importation?

A

Organized boycotts of British goods by American colonists to protest unfair taxation.

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10
Q

Who were the Sons of Liberty?

A

A group of colonial activists who protested British policies, often using direct action such as demonstrations.

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11
Q

What does ‘No taxation without representation’ mean?

A

A slogan summarizing colonial opposition to British taxes imposed without colonial representation in Parliament.

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12
Q

What was the Tea Act?

A

A 1773 law granting the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales, leading to the Boston Tea Party.

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13
Q

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

A

A 1775 appeal to King George III for reconciliation, which was rejected, leading to increased conflict.

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14
Q

What is Common Sense?

A

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that argued for American independence and criticized monarchy.

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15
Q

Who were the Hessians?

A

German mercenaries hired by Britain to fight against the American colonists during the Revolution.

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16
Q

Who was Marquis de Lafayette?

A

A French noble who supported the American Revolution, serving as a military leader and diplomat.

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17
Q

What is the Declaration of Independence?

A

The 1776 document formally declaring the American colonies’ separation from Britain.

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18
Q

What were the reasons why colonists supported or opposed the revolution?

A

Supporters sought independence and rights, while opponents feared instability or preferred British rule.

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19
Q

What were American economic problems during the revolution?

A

Inflation, debt, and shortages strained the colonial war effort.

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20
Q

What was the role of Blacks in the Revolution?

A

Enslaved and free African Americans participated on both sides, often seeking freedom or better opportunities.

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21
Q

What was the Battle of Saratoga?

A

A 1777 American victory that secured French support for the Revolution.

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22
Q

What was European involvement in the American Revolution?

A

Countries like France and Spain supported the colonies with military and financial aid.

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23
Q

What happened at Yorktown?

A

The 1781 battle where British General Cornwallis surrendered, marking the effective end of the Revolution.

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24
Q

What were the Articles of Confederation?

A

The first U.S. government framework, which created a weak central government.

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25
What was the social impact of the American Revolution?
Inspired global democratic movements and challenged traditional social hierarchies.
26
What was the Society of the Cincinnati?
An exclusive organization of Revolutionary War officers that was criticized for aristocratic tendencies.
27
What is gradual emancipation?
The process in Northern states of slowly ending slavery after the Revolution.
28
What was Shays’ Rebellion?
A 1786-87 revolt by Massachusetts farmers protesting high taxes and economic injustice.
29
What was the Northwest Ordinance?
A 1787 law establishing governance for the Northwest Territory and prohibiting slavery there.
30
What were the Constitutional Compromises?
Agreements in the U.S. Constitution addressing representation, slavery, and federal power.
31
What were the drafters’ fears of too much democracy?
Concerns about mob rule influenced the inclusion of checks on popular power.
32
What is the Elastic Clause?
A provision in the Constitution allowing Congress to pass necessary and proper laws to carry out its powers.
33
What are the Federalist Papers?
A series of essays promoting the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and explaining its principles.
34
What was the Enlightenment?
A philosophical movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights over tradition.
35
What was the financial crisis that contributed to the French Revolution?
The severe economic instability that contributed to the French Revolution.
36
What were the Cahiers de Doleances?
Lists of grievances submitted by French estates in preparation for the Estates General of 1789.
37
What was the Estates General?
A French assembly representing three estates—clergy, nobility, and commoners—convened in 1789.
38
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
A pledge by French revolutionaries to draft a new constitution after being locked out of their meeting hall.
39
What are the phases of the French Revolution?
Radical/Moderate revolution, from initial reforms to extreme policies and violence.
40
What was the Bastille?
The 1789 storming of this French prison symbolized the start of the French Revolution.
41
What was The Great Fear?
A period of panic and revolt among French peasants during the early Revolution.
42
What were emigres and their impact on foreign opinion?
Nobles who fled revolutionary France spread anti-revolutionary sentiment abroad.
43
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man?
A French document asserting liberty, equality, and fraternity as revolutionary ideals.
44
What does 'All Authority Stems from the Nation' mean?
A revolutionary principle rejecting monarchy and emphasizing popular sovereignty.
45
What is the motto of the French Revolution?
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite, promoting liberty, equality, and fraternity.
46
What is nationalization?
The transfer of private or church assets to state control, common during revolutions.
47
What is rationalization?
Reorganization of institutions for greater efficiency, inspired by Enlightenment ideas.
48
What is Jewish Emancipation?
The granting of civil rights to Jews during and after the French Revolution.
49
What were the September Massacres?
1792 mass executions of prisoners in revolutionary France.
50
What is universal manhood suffrage?
Extending voting rights to all adult men, a key revolutionary goal.
51
Who were the sans-culottes?
Radical working-class revolutionaries in France who advocated for social and economic equality during the French Revolution.
52
Who were the Jacobins?
A political group during the French Revolution that pushed for radical changes and supported the Reign of Terror.
53
What was the Crisis of 1793?
A series of challenges during the French Revolution, including foreign invasions, internal revolts, and economic turmoil.
54
What was the Committee of Public Safety?
The governing body during the Reign of Terror in revolutionary France, tasked with defending the revolution.
55
What was the Reign of Terror?
A period of political purges and executions in France (1793-94) to eliminate perceived enemies of the revolution.
56
What was the levee en masse?
A mass conscription in revolutionary France to bolster the army against foreign and internal enemies.
57
What is the Bread of Equality?
A term symbolizing the revolutionary ideal of equitable food distribution in France.
58
What is Thermidor?
The month of the French Revolutionary calendar marking the end of the Reign of Terror and Robespierre's downfall.
59
Who were the Muscadins?
Counter-revolutionary youth gangs in post-Terror France who opposed radical Jacobins.
60
What was Hamilton’s debt plan?
Alexander Hamilton’s financial strategy to assume state debts, establish credit, and create a national bank.
61
What is the Bank of the United States?
A federally chartered bank established in 1791 to stabilize and improve the U.S. economy.
62
What is the Elastic Clause?
A Constitutional provision allowing Congress to pass laws deemed necessary and proper for executing its powers.
63
Who were the Federalists?
A political group favoring a strong central government and a loose interpretation of the Constitution.
64
Who were the Anti-federalists/Democratic Republicans?
Opponents of the Federalists who advocated for states’ rights and strict Constitutional interpretation.
65
What was the French Revolution's impact on American politics?
Divisions emerged in the U.S. over whether to support the French Revolution, influencing party politics.
66
What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
A 1794 uprising in Pennsylvania against a federal excise tax on whiskey, suppressed by federal forces.
67
What is sectionalism?
Loyalty to regional interests over national unity, a key issue in U.S. politics.
68
What was Washington’s Farewell Address?
George Washington’s 1796 advice to avoid political parties and permanent foreign alliances.
69
What was the Sedition Act?
A 1798 law criminalizing criticism of the U.S. government, seen as violating free speech.
70
What were the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves?
Statements asserting states' rights to nullify unconstitutional federal laws, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
71
What was the Election of 1800?
A contentious election marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history.
72
What was Jeffersonian view of government and America’s future?
A vision emphasizing agrarianism, limited government, and individual liberty.
73
What was the rise of Napoleon?
Napoleon Bonaparte’s ascent from general to Emperor of France, reshaping European politics.
74
What is Eroica?
Beethoven’s Third Symphony, originally dedicated to Napoleon, symbolizing heroism and revolutionary ideals.
75
What was Austerlitz and its impact?
Napoleon’s 1805 victory against Russia and Austria, solidifying his dominance in Europe.
76
What is St. Helena?
The remote island where Napoleon was exiled after his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815.
77
What were the French approaches to Jewish emancipation?
Incremental granting of civil rights to Jews, culminating in full citizenship during the Revolution.
78
What was the Haitian Revolution?
A successful slave revolt in Haiti (1791-1804) that led to the abolition of slavery and the establishment of an independent republic.
79
What was the Louisiana Purchase?
The 1803 acquisition of French territory by the U.S., doubling its size and fueling westward expansion.
80
What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition?
An exploration of the Louisiana Territory (1804-1806) to map the land and establish U.S. claims.
81
What was the Non-Intercourse Agreement?
A U.S. law restricting trade with Britain and France during their Napoleonic Wars.
82
What is impressment?
The British practice of forcing American sailors into their navy, contributing to the War of 1812.
83
Who were the War Hawks?
U.S. congressmen who advocated for war with Britain, leading to the War of 1812.
84
What was the Infamous Decree?
A decree that found French Jews guilty of using trickery and lies for financial gain.
85
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A 1815 conference to restore balance of power in Europe and prevent future revolutions.
86
What is the balance of power?
A principle ensuring no single nation dominates Europe, central to post-Napoleonic diplomacy.
87
What is legitimacy?
The restoration of traditional monarchies after Napoleon, emphasizing rightful rule.
88
What does 'Revolution is viral' mean?
The idea that revolutionary ideals inspire similar movements worldwide.
89
Who was Metternich?
The Austrian diplomat who led the Congress of Vienna and championed conservative principles.
90
What is the Congress System?
A European alliance system post-1815 to maintain peace and suppress revolutionary movements.
91
What were the reasons for Latin American Revolutions?
Enlightenment ideals, Napoleonic Wars, and colonial oppression inspired independence movements.
92
Who was Padre Miguel Hidalgo?
A Mexican priest who initiated the fight for independence from Spain in 1810.
93
Who was Simon Bolivar?
A South American revolutionary leader who liberated multiple countries from Spanish rule.
94
What was the US reaction to revolutions in the Americas?
U.S. support for independence movements aligned with its own values and interests.
95
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
A U.S. policy opposing European intervention in the Americas, asserting hemispheric dominance.
96
What was the Era of Good Feelings?
A period of political unity in the U.S. after the War of 1812, marked by nationalism and economic growth.
97
What was the Missouri Compromise?
A 1820 agreement balancing the admission of slave and free states to maintain Senate parity.
98
What is the conflict between Liberty and Equality?
A key tension in political philosophy, balancing individual rights with social justice.
99
What is liberalism?
A political ideology emphasizing individual freedom, limited government, and economic liberty.
100
Who was Chasam Sofer?
A prominent rabbi who opposed reforms in Jewish practice during the 19th century.
101
What is Meziza b’Peh?
A traditional Jewish circumcision practice involving oral suction, debated in modern times.
102
What is a Fez?
A brimless hat symbolizing modernity and reform in the Ottoman Empire.
103
What was the Tanzimat?
Ottoman reform efforts (1839-1876) aimed at modernizing the empire and granting equal rights to all subjects.
104
What is Ottomanism?
A 19th-century ideology promoting unity among Ottoman citizens regardless of religion or ethnicity.
105
Who were the Luddites?
Workers in 19th-century England who destroyed machinery they believed threatened their jobs.
106
What is Corporatism?
Different people get rights based on what group they belong to (religion, job class…).
107
What is Laissez-Faire?
An economic policy advocating minimal government intervention in business.
108
Who is Adam Smith?
The 'father of modern economics,' who argued for free markets in The Wealth of Nations.
109
What sentiments does Burke discuss in relation to loyalty and honor?
Burke discusses sentiments of fidelity, honor, and loyalty, emphasizing that one should act out of public spirit for their country.
110
What does Burke criticize about the French Revolution's approach to history?
Burke criticizes the French Revolution for rejecting historical traditions and starting society anew instead of building on the wisdom of ancestors.
111
How does Burke suggest the French could have inspired the world?
Burke suggests that by valuing their heritage and drawing inspiration from their ancestors or nations like Britain, the French could have advanced liberty while upholding dignity.
112
What analogy does Burke use to describe the French Revolution's rejection of heritage?
Burke compares the rejection of heritage to starting a business with no capital, indicating a lack of foundation for society.
113
What issues does Washington raise about relying on militias?
Washington raises concerns that militias are poorly trained, lack confidence, and are unprepared for military service, leading to desertions and disorder.
114
What does Washington say about the impact of lifestyle changes on militia soldiers?
Washington notes that sudden changes in lifestyle cause illness, impatience, and a desire to return home, contributing to desertions.
115
What alarming practice does Washington condemn in his letter?
Washington condemns the practice of plundering, where individuals exploit the war to steal from others under false pretenses.
116
What consequences does Washington foresee from the plundering behavior?
Washington warns that the plundering behavior threatens both the army and the nation's cause.

French us history (1 decks)

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