Untitled Deck Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
When did the Romans arrive in the Iberian Peninsula?
A
In the early 3rd century BC during the Second Punic War.
2
Q
Why did the Romans come to Iberia?
A
To defeat the Carthaginians and take control of their territories.
3
Q
Who lived in Iberia before the Romans?
A
Iberians, Celtiberians, Lusitanians, Cantabrians, and foreign traders like Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians.
4
Q
What cultures developed in Iberia during the Copper and Bronze Ages?
A
Los Millares (Copper Age) and El Argar (Bronze Age).
5
Q
Which two major foreign groups had early contact with Iberia?
A
Phoenicians and Greeks.
6
Q
What was the first known Phoenician settlement in Iberia?
A
Gadir (modern Cádiz), founded in 1104 BC.
7
Q
What was the main Greek settlement in Iberia?
A
Ampurias (600 BC).
8
Q
Who were the Carthaginians, and when did they arrive in Iberia?
A
A Phoenician-descended group, arriving after the First Punic War (241 BC).
9
Q
Why did the Carthaginians expand into Iberia?
A
To find new resources after losing Sicily to Rome.
10
Q
Which Carthaginian general led the expansion into Iberia?
A
Hamilcar Barca.
11
Q
What city did Hamilcar Barca establish as the Carthaginian capital in Iberia?
A
Carthago Nova (modern Cartagena).
12
Q
What treaty set the boundary between Roman and Carthaginian control in Iberia?
A
The Ebro Treaty (226 BC).
13
Q
What event triggered the Second Punic War?
A
Hannibal’s attack on Saguntum (219 BC), a Greek city allied with Rome.
14
Q
Why was Saguntum important?
A
It was south of the Ebro River, technically in Carthaginian territory, but allied with Rome.
15
Q
Why did Hannibal march through the Alps instead of attacking Rome directly?
A
To surprise the Romans and gather Gallic allies in northern Italy.
16
Q
What was Hannibal’s most famous victory?
A
The Battle of Cannae (216 BC), where he annihilated a massive Roman army.
17
Q
Why didn’t Hannibal march on Rome after Cannae?
A
Rome had strong walls, and he lacked siege equipment and reinforcements.
18
Q
How did Rome counter Hannibal’s strategy?
A
By cutting off Carthaginian reinforcements in Iberia.
19
Q
Who was Rome’s key general in Spain?
A
Scipio Africanus the Elder.
20
Q
What battle secured Roman control of Iberia?
A
The Battle of Ilipa (206 BC).
21
Q
What happened at the Battle of Zama (202 BC)?
A
Scipio defeated Hannibal, ending the Second Punic War.
22
Q
What did Rome call the Iberian Peninsula?
A
Hispania.
23
Q
What was the first permanent Roman settlement in Iberia?
A
Italica (206 BC).
24
Q
What was the Numantine War (133 BC)?
A
A Celtiberian revolt crushed by Scipio Africanus the Younger.
25
What happened at Numantia?
The people committed mass suicide rather than surrender.
26
What was the Cantabrian War (29-19 BC)?
The final conquest of Hispania, under Emperor Augustus.
27
What were the main exports from Hispania to Rome?
Olive oil, wine, silver, gold, grain.
28
What role did Monte Testaccio play in Rome?
A hill made from discarded olive oil containers from Hispania.
29
Which Roman emperors were born in Hispania?
Trajan, Hadrian, Theodosius I, Arcadius.
30
What were the main infrastructure developments in Hispania under Rome?
Roads, aqueducts, bridges, amphitheaters.
31
How long did Rome rule Hispania?
Over 600 years.
32
When did the Western Roman Empire officially fall?
476 AD.
33
Which Germanic tribes invaded Hispania in 409 AD?
Vandals, Alans, Suevi.
34
Who were the Visigoths?
A Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in 410 AD and later ruled Hispania.
35
When did the Visigoths take control of Hispania?
5th century AD, under Alaric I.
36
What was the significance of the Code of Euric?
A legal system combining Roman and Germanic law.
37
What was the main religion of the early Visigoths?
Arian Christianity.
38
When did the Visigoths convert to Catholicism?
589 AD, under King Reccared I.
39
Why was the conversion to Catholicism significant?
It unified the Visigothic kingdom and gained support from the Catholic majority.
40
What was the primary threat to Visigothic rule in Hispania?
Internal conflicts and Muslim expansion from North Africa.
41
What event marked the beginning of the Islamic conquest of Hispania?
The Battle of Guadalete (711 AD), where King Roderic was defeated.
42
Who led the Muslim forces in the conquest of Hispania?
Tariq ibn Ziyad.
43
What treaty allowed some Visigothic nobles to retain power under Muslim rule?
The Treaty of Tudmir (713 AD).
44
What was Al-Andalus?
The name for Muslim-ruled Iberia from 711–1492 AD.
45
Who was the first ruler of independent Muslim Spain?
Abd al-Rahman I, founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.
46
What was the significance of the Battle of Covadonga (718 AD)?
It marked the beginning of the Reconquista, led by Pelayo.
47
Which Christian kingdom first resisted Muslim rule?
The Kingdom of Asturias.
48
What was the main goal of the Reconquista?
To retake Iberia from Muslim control.
49
What was the significance of the city of Córdoba during Muslim rule?
It became a major cultural and intellectual center of Europe.
50
What was the Mozarabic culture?
A mix of Christian and Islamic influences in Al-Andalus.
51
Who was Abd al-Rahman III?
The first Caliph of Córdoba, making Al-Andalus independent from Baghdad.
52
What happened at the Battle of Tours (732 AD)?
Charles Martel defeated the Muslim advance into France, stopping their expansion in Western Europe.
53
Which major battle in 1212 was a turning point in the Reconquista?
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.
54
Which kingdom played the leading role in the final phase of the Reconquista?
Castile and Aragon.
55
Who were the Catholic Monarchs?
Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
56
What year did the Reconquista officially end?
1492 AD, with the fall of Granada.
57
Who was the last ruler of Muslim Spain?
Boabdil, the last sultan of Granada.
58
What event happened the same year as the fall of Granada?
Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the New World.
59
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
A religious tribunal aimed at enforcing Catholic orthodoxy.
60
What happened to Jews and Muslims after 1492?
They were forced to convert or expelled from Spain.
61
How did Spain benefit from the Reconquista?
It became a unified Catholic kingdom and a global empire.
62
What was the Treaty of Granada (1491)?
The agreement allowing Muslims to surrender peacefully with certain rights (later revoked).
63
What marked the beginning of Spain’s Golden Age?
The discovery of the Americas and the consolidation of power under Ferdinand and Isabella.
64
What was the Third Century Crisis (235–284 AD)?
A period of civil war, economic collapse, and foreign invasions in the Roman Empire.
65
What was Diocletian’s solution to the Third Century Crisis?
He established the Tetrarchy (Rule of Four Emperors) to prevent civil war.
66
Who were the two types of rulers in the Tetrarchy?
Two Augusti (senior emperors) and two Caesars (junior emperors).
67
Why did the Tetrarchy ultimately fail?
Power struggles continued, and rival emperors fought for sole control.
68
Who was the last emperor to reunify the empire before its final split?
Constantine the Great (r. 306–337 AD).
69
What was Constantine’s most famous battle for control of the empire?
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312 AD), where he claimed divine support.
70
What was Constantine’s new capital?
Constantinople (modern Istanbul).
71
What impact did the Edict of Milan (313 AD) have?
It ended persecution of Christians and granted religious tolerance.
72
What was the Council of Nicaea (325 AD)?
A meeting that established Nicene Christianity as official doctrine.
73
Who was Julian the Apostate (r. 361–363 AD)?
The last pagan emperor, who tried to restore Roman polytheism.
74
What were the primary reasons for the fall of the Western Roman Empire?
Invasions, economic decline, weak leadership, and internal conflicts.
75
Which group sacked Rome in 410 AD?
The Visigoths, led by Alaric I.
76
What major battle in 451 AD stopped the Huns from invading further into Europe?
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, led by Flavius Aetius against Attila the Hun.
77
Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?
Romulus Augustulus, deposed in 476 AD.
78
Who deposed Romulus Augustulus?
The Germanic leader Odoacer, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire.
79
Did the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) continue after 476 AD?
Yes, it lasted until 1453 AD.
80
What happened to the Senate of Rome after the empire’s fall?
It continued in a weakened form until the 6th century under Byzantine rule.
81
How did the fall of Rome impact Western Europe?
It led to the Middle Ages, with fragmented kingdoms replacing Roman rule.
82
Which Germanic tribes established kingdoms in former Roman territories?
Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Franks, Anglo-Saxons.
83
What city became the new power center of the Western world?
Ravenna, and later Charlemagne’s Aachen in the Carolingian period.
84
What was the significance of Theodosius I in Roman history?
He was the last emperor to rule over both the Eastern and Western Roman Empires.
85
What were the Tetrarchy reforms?
A system created by Diocletian where the empire was ruled by two Augusti and two Caesars.
86
Who was the first Christian Roman Emperor?
Constantine the Great.
87
What law made Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empire?
The Edict of Thessalonica (380 AD).
88
Who permanently split the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western halves?
Theodosius I, dividing it between his sons Arcadius (East) and Honorius (West).
89
What happened when the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410 AD?
It was the first time in 800 years that Rome had been invaded, showing the empire’s weakness.
90
What was the significance of the Battle of Vouillé (507 AD)?
The Franks, led by Clovis, defeated the Visigoths, forcing them out of Gaul and into Hispania.
91
Why did the Byzantine Empire intervene in Spain in the 6th century?
Emperor Justinian attempted to reclaim former Roman territories in Hispania.
92
What was the main impact of the Byzantine presence in Spain?
They controlled parts of the southeast coast but were eventually expelled by the Visigoths.
93
Which Visigothic king reformed the kingdom and centralized power?
King Leovigild.
94
What was the significance of the Councils of Toledo?
They helped establish the Visigothic Kingdom’s laws and religious policies.
95
What role did Jews play in Visigothic Spain?
They were involved in trade and scholarship but were increasingly persecuted after the 7th century.
96
Why was the Visigothic Kingdom vulnerable to Muslim invasion?
Internal conflicts, weak leadership, and dissatisfaction among the population.
97
What was the significance of Tariq ibn Ziyad’s landing in 711 AD?
It marked the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Hispania.
98
What was the impact of the Battle of Tours (732 AD) on European history?
It stopped the Muslim advance into Western Europe.
99
Who united much of Western Europe after the fall of Rome?
Charlemagne, creating the Carolingian Empire.
100
How did the Reconquista shape Spain’s medieval history?
It was a centuries-long effort to reclaim Iberia from Muslim rule, ending in 1492.
101
What is the Iberian Peninsula, and what modern countries does it include?
The Iberian Peninsula is the southwesternmost part of Europe, including Spain, Portugal, Andorra, and Gibraltar.
102
How did Spain’s geographical position influence its history?
Spain’s position made it a crossroads for trade and conquest, influenced by Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean civilizations.
103
What role did the Pyrenees Mountains play in Spain’s history?
They acted as a natural barrier between Spain and the rest of Europe, limiting invasions but also cultural exchange.
104
How did Spain’s rivers affect historical development?
Unlike other European rivers, Spain’s major rivers (Ebro, Duero, Tagus) were not widely used for navigation, limiting internal trade.
105
What climate zones exist in Spain, and how did they affect early civilizations?
Spain has Mediterranean, Oceanic, and Semi-arid climates, influencing where early civilizations settled and how they farmed.
106
What evidence do we have of Spain’s earliest human inhabitants?
The Atapuerca site has human remains dating back 780,000 years, making it one of Europe’s oldest human settlements.
107
Who were the Iberians, and where did they settle?
The Iberians were a native people who settled in eastern and southern Spain, living in fortified towns and engaging in trade.
108
Who were the Celts, and how did they differ from the Iberians?
The Celts were Indo-European tribes who settled in northwestern Spain; they were more warlike and lived in smaller, less urbanized communities.
109
What was the significance of the Celtiberians?
The Celtiberians were a mix of Celts and Iberians, living in central Spain and known for resisting Roman conquest.
110
Which other pre-Roman tribes lived in the Iberian Peninsula?
The Lusitanians (west), Cantabrians (north), and Turdetani (south) were among the major groups.
111
Which ancient civilization founded Gadir (modern Cádiz), and when?
The Phoenicians founded Gadir in 1104 BCE, making it one of Europe’s oldest cities.
112
How did Greek settlers influence Spain?
The Greeks established colonies like Emporion (Ampurias) around 600 BCE, bringing Greek culture, architecture, and trade.
113
What was the relationship between the Phoenicians and Carthaginians in Spain?
The Carthaginians were descendants of the Phoenicians who took control of Phoenician cities in Spain after the First Punic War.
114
Why did the Carthaginians come to Spain after the First Punic War?
They sought new resources (silver, manpower) after losing Sicily to Rome in 241 BCE.
115
Who was Hamilcar Barca, and what was his role in Spain?
Hamilcar was a Carthaginian general who expanded Carthaginian control in Spain and founded Carthago Nova (Cartagena).
116
What was the Ebro Treaty (226 BCE)?
A treaty between Carthage and Rome that set the Ebro River as the northern boundary of Carthaginian influence.
117
Why did the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) start?
Hannibal attacked Saguntum, a Greek city south of the Ebro, prompting Rome to declare war.
118
What was Hannibal’s famous military strategy in the Second Punic War?
He crossed the Alps with war elephants to surprise the Romans in Italy.
119
What happened at the Battle of Cannae (216 BCE)?
Hannibal encircled and annihilated a massive Roman army, one of Rome’s worst defeats.
120
What was the significance of the Battle of Ilipa (206 BCE)?
Rome, under Scipio Africanus, defeated Carthage in Spain, marking the beginning of Roman rule.
121
How did Rome consolidate control over Spain after the Second Punic War?
By creating two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior.
122
What were the main phases of Roman conquest in Spain?
181-133 BCE: Rome fought Lusitanians & Celtiberians. 133 BCE: Numantia was destroyed, marking the fall of the Celtiberians. 29-19 BCE: Cantabrian War, the final phase of conquest.
123
What was the process of Romanization in Spain?
Adoption of Latin, Roman law, architecture, and customs.
124
Which Roman emperors were born in Spain?
Trajan, Hadrian, Theodosius I, and Arcadius.
125
What was Monte Testaccio, and why was it significant?
A hill in Rome made of discarded Spanish olive oil containers, showing Spain’s importance in trade.
126
How did Christianity spread in Roman Spain?
By the 4th century CE, Christianity became dominant after Constantine’s Edict of Milan (313 CE).
127
What caused the decline of Roman Spain?
Barbarian invasions, economic decline, and internal conflicts.
128
Who were the first Germanic tribes to enter Spain, and when?
The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi entered in 409 CE.
129
Who were the Visigoths, and how did they come to power?
They were a Germanic tribe that defeated other invaders and ruled Spain by the late 5th century.
130
What was the Code of Euric (late 5th century CE)?
A Visigothic legal code combining Roman and Germanic traditions.
131
When and why did the Visigoths convert from Arianism to Catholicism?
589 CE, under King Reccared I, to unify their kingdom.
132
Why did the Byzantine Empire control parts of Spain in the 6th century?
Emperor Justinian attempted to reclaim former Roman territories, including southeastern Spain.
133
What major event ended Visigothic rule in Spain?
The Muslim invasion of 711 CE, leading to the establishment of Al-Andalus.
134
What is the estimated time frame for the emergence of Homo sapiens?
Approximately 200,000 years ago.
135
Where did Homo sapiens first appear?
In Africa.
136
What significant migration did early humans undertake?
They migrated out of Africa and spread across the globe.
137
What are some key developments in early human history?
The creation of tools, development of language, and establishment of societies.
138
How did early humans adapt to different environments?
By developing diverse cultures and technologies suited to various climates and landscapes.
139
What role did the development of agriculture play in human history?
It led to the formation of settled communities and the rise of civilizations.
140
How did the development of language benefit early humans?
It facilitated communication, social organization, and the transmission of knowledge.
141
What is one theory about the extinction of other hominid species?
Competition with Homo sapiens for resources may have contributed to their decline.
142
How did early human societies organize themselves?
They formed hunter-gatherer groups with social structures based on kinship and cooperation.
143
What evidence do we have of early human artistic expression?
Artifacts such as cave paintings, carvings, and ornaments indicate a capacity for symbolic thought.
144
What were the two main powers involved in the First Punic War?
Rome and Carthage.
145
What was the primary cause of the First Punic War?
Control over the island of Sicily.
146
Which city in Sicily did the conflict initially center around?
Messana.
147
What was the strategic importance of Sicily in the Mediterranean?
It was a central location for trade and military operations.
148
How did Rome adapt its military strategy to challenge Carthage's naval superiority?
By building a fleet and developing the corvus boarding device.
149
What was the corvus, and how did it function?
A boarding plank with a spike that allowed Roman soldiers to board enemy ships.
150
What was the outcome of the Battle of Mylae in 260 BCE?
A Roman victory, marking their first significant naval success.
151
Who was the Roman consul credited with the victory at Mylae?
Gaius Duilius.
152
What challenges did Rome face in maintaining its naval forces?
Limited naval experience and frequent ship losses due to storms.
153
How did the First Punic War impact Rome's status in the Mediterranean?
It established Rome as a significant naval power.
154
What was the outcome of the Battle of Drepana in 249 BCE?
A significant defeat for Rome, with Carthage successfully defending its naval position.
155
Who was the Carthaginian general who led the defense during the Battle of Drepana?
Admiral Adherbal.
156
What strategy did Rome employ to rebuild its navy after the loss at Drepana?
Rome utilized private funding and donations from wealthy citizens to construct a new fleet.
157
How did the Battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BCE influence the conclusion of the First Punic War?
Rome's decisive naval victory forced Carthage to sue for peace, leading to the end of the war.
158
What were the main terms of the peace treaty that ended the First Punic War?
Carthage ceded Sicily to Rome and agreed to pay a substantial indemnity over time.
159
How did the conclusion of the First Punic War affect Carthage's territorial holdings?
Carthage lost control of Sicily, marking the first Roman province outside the Italian Peninsula.
160
What internal challenges did Carthage face immediately after the First Punic War?
A mercenary revolt due to unpaid wages, leading to the Mercenary War.
161
How did Rome capitalize on Carthage's internal struggles post-war?
Rome seized the opportunity to take control of Sardinia and Corsica, further expanding its territories.
162
What long-term impact did the First Punic War have on Rome's military strategy?
Rome recognized the importance of naval power and continued to invest in its fleet for future conflicts.
163
How did the First Punic War set the stage for future Roman-Carthaginian conflicts?
The war established Rome as a dominant Mediterranean power, leading to increased tensions and eventual subsequent wars with Carthage.
164
What event sparked the beginning of the Second Punic War?
Hannibal's attack on the city of Saguntum in 218 BCE.
165
Who was the Carthaginian general leading the campaign against Rome?
Hannibal Barca.
166
What daring strategy did Hannibal employ to invade Italy?
He led his army, including war elephants, across the Alps into Italy.
167
Which battle in 216 BCE is considered one of Hannibal's greatest victories?
The Battle of Cannae.
168
What was the outcome of the Battle of Cannae for the Roman army?
A devastating defeat, with significant Roman casualties.
169
How did Rome respond to the threat posed by Hannibal in Italy?
By avoiding direct large-scale battles and focusing on a war of attrition.
170
Which Roman general eventually turned the tide against Carthage?
Publius Cornelius Scipio, later known as Scipio Africanus.
171
What was Scipio's strategy to force Hannibal out of Italy?
He launched a campaign against Carthaginian territories in Spain and later threatened Carthage itself.
172
What was the significance of the Battle of the Metaurus in 207 BCE?
The Romans defeated Hasdrubal, preventing him from reinforcing Hannibal, which was a turning point in the war.
173
How did Scipio Africanus manage to invade North Africa?
He secured support from the Numidian king Masinissa and launched a successful campaign against Carthaginian territories.
174
What tactics did Scipio use to defeat Hannibal at the Battle of Zama?
He neutralized the threat of Carthaginian war elephants and outmaneuvered Hannibal's forces, leading to a decisive Roman victory.
175
What were the terms imposed on Carthage after their defeat in the Second Punic War?
Carthage had to surrender its fleet, pay a large indemnity, and cede its overseas territories to Rome.
176
How did the Second Punic War affect Rome's position in the Mediterranean?
It established Rome as the dominant power in the western Mediterranean.
177
What was the fate of Hannibal after the war?
He fled into exile and eventually took his own life to avoid capture by the Romans.
178
How did the Second Punic War influence Roman military tactics?
The war led to innovations in Roman military strategy and tactics, including the use of more flexible formations.
179
What role did alliances play in the outcome of the Second Punic War?
Roman alliances with local tribes and kingdoms, such as the Numidians, were crucial in securing victory.
180
How did the Second Punic War impact Carthage's economy?
The heavy indemnities and loss of territories severely weakened Carthage's economic power.
181
What lessons did Rome learn from the Second Punic War?
Rome recognized the importance of naval power and the need for strong alliances in future conflicts.
182
Why did Rome and Carthage go to war?
They both wanted control over the island of Sicily.
183
Why was Sicily important to Rome and Carthage?
It was a central location for trade and military operations in the Mediterranean.
184
What city in Sicily did the First Punic War begin over?
Messana.
185
Who originally controlled Messana before the war?
A group of mercenaries called the Mamertines.
186
Why did the Mamertines ask for help from both Rome and Carthage?
They were under attack and needed protection.
187
How did Carthage initially respond to the Mamertines?
They sent forces to help defend the city.
188
How did Rome respond to Carthage’s involvement in Messana?
They sent their own troops, leading to direct conflict with Carthage.
189
What military advantage did Carthage have over Rome at the start of the war?
A powerful navy.
190
What was Rome’s biggest military weakness at the beginning of the First Punic War?
They had very little naval experience.
191
How did Rome compensate for its weak navy?
They built a fleet and invented the corvus boarding device.
192
Why did the corvus give Rome an advantage in naval battles?
It turned sea battles into land battles, where Romans had more experience.
193
What was the outcome of the Battle of Mylae in 260 BCE?
Rome won its first major naval victory.
194
Why was the Battle of Mylae important for Rome?
It proved Rome could compete with Carthage at sea.
195
What problems did Rome face with its navy despite early victories?
Limited naval experience and frequent ship losses due to storms.
196
What happened at the Battle of Drepana in 249 BCE?
Rome suffered a major naval defeat.
197
Who was the Carthaginian admiral that won at Drepana?
Adherbal.
198
How did Rome rebuild its navy after Drepana?
Wealthy Roman citizens funded the construction of a new fleet.
199
What was the final naval battle of the First Punic War?
The Battle of the Aegates Islands (241 BCE).
200
What was the result of the Battle of the Aegates Islands?
A decisive Roman victory.
201
How did Carthage respond after losing the Battle of the Aegates Islands?
They sued for peace.
202
What were the main terms of the peace treaty that ended the First Punic War?
Carthage ceded Sicily to Rome and paid a large indemnity.
203
How did the First Punic War affect Carthage?
It weakened their navy and economy.
204
What internal conflict did Carthage face after the First Punic War?
The Mercenary War.
205
Why did the Mercenary War happen?
Carthage could not pay its mercenary soldiers.
206
How did Rome take advantage of Carthage’s weakness after the First Punic War?
They seized Sardinia and Corsica.
207
What did Carthage do after the First Punic War?
Carthage ceded Sicily to Rome and paid a large indemnity.
208
Why did the First Punic War set the stage for the Second Punic War?
Carthage wanted revenge and looked for new territory to expand.
209
Where did Carthage expand after the First Punic War?
Spain.
210
Who was the Carthaginian leader responsible for Carthage’s expansion into Spain?
Hamilcar Barca.
211
What city did Hamilcar Barca found in Spain?
Carthago Nova (New Carthage).
212
Who took over command in Spain after Hamilcar died?
His son, Hannibal Barca.
213
What event triggered the start of the Second Punic War?
Hannibal’s attack on Saguntum.
214
Why was Saguntum’s attack significant?
It was a Roman ally, giving Rome an excuse to declare war.
215
How did Hannibal plan to attack Rome?
By crossing the Alps with his army and elephants.
216
Why was Hannibal’s journey over the Alps so dangerous?
Freezing temperatures, rough terrain, and enemy attacks.
217
What advantage did Hannibal have once he reached Italy?
His army was battle-hardened, and he had surprise on his side.
218
What battle in 216 BCE was one of Hannibal’s greatest victories?
The Battle of Cannae.
219
How did Hannibal defeat Rome at the Battle of Cannae?
He used a double-envelopment strategy, surrounding the Roman army.
220
What was the result of the Battle of Cannae for Rome?
A devastating loss, with nearly 50,000 Roman soldiers killed.
221
Why didn’t Hannibal march directly to Rome after Cannae?
He lacked siege equipment and reinforcements.
222
What strategy did Rome adopt to counter Hannibal?
A war of attrition, avoiding direct battles.
223
Who was the Roman general that turned the tide against Carthage?
Publius Cornelius Scipio (later known as Scipio Africanus).
224
How did Scipio weaken Carthage’s power?
He attacked Carthage’s holdings in Spain.
225
What was the significance of the Battle of the Metaurus in 207 BCE?
The Romans killed Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal, preventing reinforcements.
226
What was Scipio’s final move to force Hannibal out of Italy?
He invaded North Africa.
227
Which North African king allied with Rome against Carthage?
Masinissa of Numidia.
228
Where did the final battle of the Second Punic War take place?
The Battle of Zama (202 BCE).
229
How did Scipio defeat Hannibal at Zama?
He neutralized the war elephants and outmaneuvered Hannibal’s forces.
230
What were the terms of Carthage’s surrender after Zama?
Carthage lost its fleet, paid heavy indemnities, and gave up its empire.
231
How did the Second Punic War impact Rome?
Rome became the dominant power in the western Mediterranean.
232
What happened to Hannibal after the war?
He fled into exile and later took his own life.
233
How did the Second Punic War affect Carthage’s economy?
Heavy war reparations left Carthage severely weakened.
234
What major lesson did Rome learn from the Second Punic War?
The importance of naval power and strong alliances.
235
How did the Second Punic War lead to the Third Punic War?
Rome continued to see Carthage as a threat, eventually destroying the city in 146 BCE.
