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psy100 exam 2 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

The absolute threshold is the minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

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2
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

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3
Q

What does the visual cliff experiment demonstrate?

A

The visual cliff experiment demonstrates depth perception in infants and animals.

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4
Q

What is the ventral stream responsible for?

A

The ventral stream is responsible for object identification and facial recognition.

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5
Q

What is the trichromatic theory of color perception?

A

The trichromatic theory states that color perception is based on the activity of three types of photopigments.

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6
Q

What is the difference threshold, also known as just-noticeable difference?

A

The difference threshold is the smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected.

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7
Q

What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up processing?

A

Top-down processing is guided by higher-level cognitive processes, while bottom-up processing is driven by sensory input.

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8
Q

What is the primary olfactory cortex?

A

The primary olfactory cortex is the brain region responsible for processing smells.

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9
Q

What is shaping in operant conditioning?

A

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

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10
Q

What is parallel processing in vision?

A

Parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process multiple aspects of a visual stimulus.

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11
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period following extinction.

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12
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation refers to the process of receiving stimuli from the environment, while perception is the interpretation of those stimuli.

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13
Q

What does signal detection theory explain?

A

Signal detection theory explains how we discern between important stimuli and background noise.

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14
Q

What is the Premack principle?

A

The Premack principle states that more probable behaviors can be used as reinforcers for less probable behaviors.

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15
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?

A

Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs, while secondary reinforcers are learned and associated with primary reinforcers.

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16
Q

What is Gestalt psychology?

A

Gestalt psychology focuses on how we perceive and interpret the world as organized wholes rather than separate parts.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of a Skinner box?

A

The Skinner box is used to study operant conditioning by allowing researchers to observe behavior in response to reinforcement.

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18
Q

What are the differences between cones and rods?

A

Cones are responsible for color vision and operate best in bright light, while rods are sensitive to dim light and do not detect color.

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19
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex?

A

The primary auditory cortex is the area of the brain responsible for processing auditory information.

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20
Q

What are the components of classical conditioning?

A

The components include NS (neutral stimulus), US (unconditioned stimulus), UR (unconditioned response), CS (conditioned stimulus), and CR (conditioned response).

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21
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Proprioception is the sense of the relative position of one’s own body parts.

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22
Q

What is discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond only to the conditioned stimulus.

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23
Q

What are feature detectors?

A

Feature detectors are neurons that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as edges or angles.

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24
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

Extinction is the process by which a conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

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25
What are the main structures of the human eye?
The main structures include the cornea, lens, retina, fovea, optic nerve, and blind spot.
26
What is an afterimage?
An afterimage is a visual sensation that remains after the original stimulus has been removed.
27
What is depth perception?
Depth perception is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions and judge distances.
28
What is generalization in classical conditioning?
Generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
29
What are the properties of light?
The properties of light include wavelength, amplitude, and purity.
30
What is observational learning?
Observational learning is learning by observing the behaviors of others.
31
What is the opponent-process theory?
The opponent-process theory posits that color perception is controlled by opposing pairs of colors.
32
What are the types of reinforcement schedules?
The types include continuous, partial, ratio, interval, fixed, and variable.
33
What are the Gestalt principles of grouping?
The principles include similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure.
34
What is myopia?
Myopia is a condition where distant objects appear blurry due to the eye being too long.
35
What is transduction?
Transduction is the process of converting physical stimuli into neural signals.
36
What structures are involved in the perception of sound?
The structures include the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.
37
What is adaptation in the context of sensory perception?
Adaptation is the process by which sensitivity to a stimulus decreases after prolonged exposure.
38
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
39
What is latent learning?
Latent learning is learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in behavior.
40
What is Thorndike’s law of effect?
Thorndike’s law of effect states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated.
41
How does Weber’s law relate to perception?
smallest noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus.
42
How does trichromatic theory explain color blindness?
Trichromatic theory explains color blindness as a deficiency in one or more of the three types of photopigments. Red, green blue
43
What is the Bobo doll experiment?
The Bobo doll experiment studied observational learning in children by showing them an adult behaving aggressively toward a doll.
44
What is hyperopia?
Hyperopia is a condition where nearby objects appear blurry due to the eye being too short.
45
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an individual observes someone else being reinforced for a behavior.
46
What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
The lens focuses light onto the retina.
47
What is the role of the optic nerve?
The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
48
What is the blind spot in the eye?
The blind spot is the area on the retina where the optic nerve exits, lacking photoreceptors.
49
What is the role of the cornea?
Alongside the lens, allows light into the eye to create an image on the retina
50
What is the role of the fovea?
Part of the retina which stores cones
51
What is the role of the retina?
Contains light sensitive rods and cones
52
What is the dorsal stream?
Responsible for perceiving location and movement
53
What is the function of the pinna?
Outer ear, acts as a funnel to pick up sound
54
What is the function of the inner ear?
Contains cochlea, spiral structure containing auditory sensory nucleons; contains basilar membrane, which has auditory cilia (hair cells) that communicate with the brain
55
What is the function of the middle ear?
Contains eardrum, which responds to soundwaves according to pressure changes; contains ossicles, three tiny bones that amplify incoming soundwaves
56
What part of the ear can loud nouse damage?
Cochlea
57
Frequency theory of pitch perception
the brain uses the frequency of auditory sensory neuron firing to indicate pitch
58
Place theory of pitch perception
different pitches arise from stimulation at different places along the basilar membrane
59
tonotopic organization
The auditory cortex is arranged in a way that nearby frequencies (Hz) are processed near each other in the brain
60
What parts of the body detect balance?
Vestibular system - Fluid-filled semicircular canals in the ear shifts when the head moves This movement triggers the auditory cilia (hair cells) to relay information about the balance to the cerebellum
61
What part of the brain is the olfactory cortex connected to?
Amygdala and hippocampus
62
Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
Temporal lobe
63
Contingent vs. Noncontingent reinforcement
Contingent reinforcement: A desired behavior is rewarded after it occurred Noncontingent reinforcement: A behavior, regardless of being desired or not, is rewarded because the reward is on a fixed-interval schedule
64
Superstitious conditioning
when a behavior is learned because it was coincidentally reinforced

psy100 exam 2 (1 decks)

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