Untitled Deck

Question 1

Definition of basal

Answer 1

Closer to the root of the tree

Question 2

Definition of derived

Answer 2

Traits farther away from the root

Question 3

What are the monophyletic groups (clades)?

Answer 3

1. Apomorphy - derived trait
2. Synapomorphy - shared derived traits
3. Plesiomorphy - trait that comes from ancestor unchanged

Question 4

What are the mechanism of evolution? Explain them

Answer 4

1. Gene mutation - Genetic mutation is a random change in DNA that causes a change in trait or possibly a
   disappearance of a trait.
2. Gene flow - Gene flow is when a random organism migrates or becomes a part of a new population introducing a new trait to that population.
3. Genetic drift - Genetic drift is when a random event in nature kills a random number of species or types containing specific traits so one trait could disappear, or one could then become
   dominant in the population.
4. Natural selection - Natural selection is when a trait that is possessed
   decreases fitness such as saying a frog likes to eat bugs with stripes on it vs no stripes. There is no difference to the bug other than color, but this would possibly lead to the striped going extinct or having lower numbers in the population.

Question 5

Which mechanisms of evolution are random/not random?

Answer 5

1. Gene mutation - random
2. Gene flow - random
3. Genetic drift - random
4. Natural selection - random

Question 6

Gene expression terms

Answer 6

1. Heterochrony (time)
2. Heterotroph (place)
3. Heterometry (amount)

Question 7

Time frame from largest to smallest

Answer 7

1. Eon
2. Era
3. Periods
4. Epoch

Question 8

Chordate synapomorphies

Answer 8

1. Notochord
2. Nerve Cord
3. Endostyle & Pharynx
4. Post-anal tail

Question 9

What is the coelom?

Answer 9

A fluid filled cavity in the body of vertebrates.

Question 10

What are hox genes?

Answer 10

Control genes to establish basic body plans.

Question 11

What are traits of cyclostomes?

Answer 11

1. No jaws
2. Single nostril
3. Gills supported by brachial basket

Question 12

Osteo Gnathostomata

Answer 12

1. Has mineralized tissues
   2.Sharks are included because they have mineralized cartilage (not true bones)
2. Jawed mouth
3. New feeding ability, faster movement, & larger size

Question 13

How did chondrichthyans evolve?

Answer 13

1. Formation of placoid scales
2. Chimeraforms
3. Batomorphy

Question 14

Traits of Chrondrichthyans?

Answer 14

1. Cartilaginous Skeleton
2. No swim bladder - they just swim up and down
3. Placoid scales
4. Organs: ampullary organs (ampullae of lorenzini), ventral mouth, 2 chambered heart, exposed gill slits, heterocercal tail shape, claspers for mating

Question 15

What are the types of coelom?

Answer 15

1. Eucoelomate
2. Acoelomate
3. Pseudocoelomate

Question 16

What are the functions of the four synopomorphies?

Answer 16

1. Notochord - support the body and help the nervous system develop
2. Nerve cord - provide cordination of sensory information and motor responses throughout the body
   3.Endostyle - traps food by secreting mucus as they filter water through
3. Pharynx - allow air food and water to pass through the body
4. Post-anal tail - to aid in locomotion