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quiz 6 > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

Any individual or group that is affected by or has an interest in a particular decision or action.

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2
Q

What are values?

A

The principles or standards of behavior that one considers important in life. They serve as the guides for determining what is right, good, or just.

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3
Q

What does ‘abstract’ mean?

A

An idea or concept that is not physically touchable or concrete. Abstract concepts are not observable or measurable in the same way that physical objects are.

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4
Q

What does ‘absolute’ refer to in ethical reasoning?

A

Moral principles or values that are universal, unconditional, and unchanging over time.

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5
Q

What is a hypothetical scenario?

A

Imagined situations used to test the validity and application of ethical principles.

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6
Q

What are principles in ethics?

A

Fundamental guidelines or rules that inform and shape moral judgments and behaviors.

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7
Q

What is an ethical dilemma?

A

A situation in which a person is faced with multiple choices that are ethically demanding or conflicting, and there is no clear right or wrong answer.

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8
Q

What is rationality?

A

The practice of making decisions based on intellect, critical thinking, facts, and good judgment rather than emotions.

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9
Q

What is reason?

A

The ability to form thoughts and draw conclusions in a logical way based on information and principles.

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10
Q

What is logic?

A

The framework or system that helps in structuring arguments or statements in a clear, consistent, and valid way.

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11
Q

What is perspective in ethics?

A

The viewpoint or angle from which ethical issues are analyzed and interpreted.

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12
Q

What is cultural context?

A

The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes a group.

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13
Q

What is moral relativism?

A

The view that moral or ethical statements vary from person to person or culture to culture and are all equally valid.

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14
Q

What is moral universalism?

A

The position that there are some moral truths that apply to all humans regardless of culture or other distinguishing features.

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15
Q

What is objective morality?

A

Moral judgments that are independent of individual feelings, opinions, or perspectives.

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16
Q

What is subjective morality?

A

Moral judgments based on personal feelings, tastes, or opinions, varying from person to person.

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17
Q

What does intrinsic mean?

A

Qualities or values that are naturally in-born, fundamental, and essential to the nature or existence of a being or concept.

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18
Q

What does extrinsic mean?

A

Qualities, values, or factors that arise from external circumstances or conditions.

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19
Q

What is cultivation in ethics?

A

The process of developing and enhancing one’s ethical understanding, virtues, and moral character through effort and reflection.

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20
Q

What is motivation?

A

The underlying reasons or forces that drive an individual to act in a certain way.

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21
Q

What is intention?

A

The purpose or objective that an individual has in mind when performing an action.

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22
Q

What is a vice?

A

Negative traits or qualities that show moral shortcomings or ethical failures.

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23
Q

What is a virtue?

A

Positive traits or qualities that embody moral excellence by following the golden mean.

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24
Q

What is the golden mean?

A

The desirable middle ground between two extremes of excess and deficiency in character traits or behaviors.

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25
What is eudaimonia?
The highest human good, often translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing'.
26
What is habituation?
The process of acquiring virtues through consistent practice and repetition of virtuous actions.
27
What is moral ambiguity?
Situations where the distinction between right and wrong is not clear-cut.
28
What is fixed nature?
The inherent qualities or characteristics that define the true nature of a being.
29
What is proper functioning?
The idea that everything has a unique function or purpose that is essential to its nature.
30
What is practical wisdom?
The intellectual virtue necessary for making good moral and practical decisions.
31
What are moral exemplars?
Individuals who embody the virtues to an exceptional degree, serving as models of ethical behavior.
32
What is logos?
The rational principle that governs the universe, embodying order and reason in nature.
33
What are the cardinal virtues?
Practical wisdom, Temperance, Justice, Courage.
34
What is Stoic practical wisdom?
The ability to navigate complex situations in a logical, informed, and calm manner.
35
What is Stoic temperance?
The exercise of self-restraint and moderation in all aspects of life.
36
What is Stoic justice?
Treating others with fairness even when they have done wrong.
37
What is Stoic courage?
Courage in both extraordinary circumstances and daily challenges with moral clarity.
38
What is ataraxia?
Tranquility of mind, freedom from emotional disturbance or anxiety.
39
Who is Epictetus?
An influential philosopher who wrote that suffering stems from our judgments about events.
40
What is rational emotive behavioral therapy?
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on changing self-defeating attitudes.
41
What is logotherapy?
A form of psychotherapy based on the Stoic principle of harnessing willpower to find meaning.
42
What is telos?
The ultimate goal or purpose of life, which is living in accordance with nature and reason.
43
What is the cosmos?
The ordered and harmonious universe, governed by reason.
44
What is nature in Stoicism?
The fundamental order and rational structure of the universe, guided by Logos.
45
What is the Stoic good?
Things that are truly beneficial and contribute to our happiness.
46
What is the Stoic evil?
Things that are harmful and detract from happiness.
47
What are Stoic indifferents?
Things that are neither inherently good nor bad.
48
What are irrational feelings?
Feelings of distress, fear, appetite, and pleasure.
49
What are Stoic good states?
Reasonable, rational feelings of joy, caution, and wish.
50
What are Stoic appropriate acts?
Acts guided by reason that maintain order and harmony in life.
51
What are Stoic perfect acts?
Acts performed with understanding of their virtuousness.
52
What are Stoic vicious acts?
Actions against appropriate acts.
53
What is oikeoisis?
Our sense of affiliation, affection, and concern for our 'household'.
54
What is altruism?
Showing an impartial and selfless concern for the well-being of others.
55
What is the circle of concern?
The expansion of moral concern from oneself to all humanity.
56
What is the interconnectedness of the cardinal virtues?
The 4 virtues cannot be separated from one another; true moral virtue involves the harmonious exercise of all four.
57
What is the expedient (utile)?
Actions or decisions that appear beneficial in the short term.
58
What is individualism?
The philosophical stance emphasizing the moral importance of the individual over the collective.
59
What is rational self-interest?
The idea that individuals will make decisions that they believe are best for themselves.
60
What is altruism?
The willingness of individuals to act in the interest of others, often at a cost to themselves.
61
What is the Hobbesian state of nature?
A hypothetical condition of humanity before the establishment of society, characterized by complete freedom.
62
What is consent?
The voluntary agreement by individuals to form a society and accept certain rules.
63
What is mutual agreement?
The collective consent among individuals to form a society.
64
What is the social contract?
The agreement among individuals to form a society and establish a government.
65
What is Leviathan?
An all-powerful authority to which individuals surrender some freedoms for peace and security.
66
What is an explicit contract?
A clear and direct agreement among individuals or with a governing authority.
67
What is an implicit contract?
An unwritten agreement among individuals or between individuals and an authority.
68
What is social order?
The structured arrangement of institutions, laws, and customs that govern behavior.
69
What is collective decision-making?
The process by which individuals in a society come together to make decisions affecting the whole community.
70
What is the common good?
The benefits, values, or outcomes that are shared and beneficial to all members of a society.
71
What is the prisoner’s dilemma?
A thought experiment showing why two rational individuals might not cooperate.
72
What is defection?
The choice made by an individual to prioritize their own interests at the expense of the collective good.
73
What are social mores?
The customs, norms, and behaviors widely accepted within a society.
74
What is a hypothetical imperative?
A command of reason that applies conditionally, depending on an individual's desires.
75
What is a categorical imperative?
An unconditional moral law that applies to all rational beings.
76
What is universalizability?
A principle that requires the rule guiding an action to be consistently applied to everyone.
77
What is autonomy?
The ability of people to make their own decisions freely.
78
What is impartiality?
The principle that moral judgments should be made without preference to one's own interests.
79
What are intuitions?
The immediate and direct way we experience objects or events.
80
What are contingent aspects of moral decision-making?
Aspects that depend on particular situations or individual preferences.
81
What is a maxim?
A subjective principle or rule that a person uses as a guide for their actions.
82
What does 'mere means to an end' mean?
The unethical practice of using people solely as a way to achieve one's own purposes.
83
What are ends-in-ourselves?
The concept that all human beings possess intrinsic value and dignity.
84
What is consequentialism?
The ethical theory that the morality of an action is determined solely by its consequences.
85
What is the principle of utility?
The ethical guideline that an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
86
What is classical/act utilitarianism?
A version of utilitarian ethical theory that evaluates the morality of actions based on the principle of utility.
87
What is rule utilitarianism?
An ethical theory that suggests the morality of an action is determined based on following rules that promote the greatest happiness.
88
What is the principle of utility in morality?
An action is morally right if it produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people affected by the action.
89
What is rule utilitarianism?
An ethical theory that suggests the morality of an action is determined based on following rules that, if universally followed, would lead to the greatest happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people.
90
How does rule utilitarianism differ from act utilitarianism?
Rule utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of following certain rules of conduct over time, while act utilitarianism evaluates each action individually based on its direct consequences.
91
What is hedonic calculus?
A method to systematically measure the pleasure and pain generated by the consequences of actions.
92
What does fecundity refer to in utilitarianism?
The likelihood that a specific pleasure or action will lead to subsequent pleasures.
93
What is an anthropocentric perspective?
An ethical perspective that prioritizes human interests and well-being as the central concern of moral consideration and decision-making.
94
What is intrinsic value?
The inherent worth of something as an end in itself, not merely as a means to some other end.
95
What are individual rights?
The fundamental liberties or entitlements that belong to each person simply by virtue of being a human.
96
How are individual rights viewed from a utilitarian perspective?
From a utilitarian perspective, rights are not seen as absolute or inviolable but are instrumental for promoting the general welfare.
97
What is the harm principle?
The theory that the only legitimate reason for society or the state to interfere with a person's liberty of action is to prevent harm to others.
98
What is actual consequences utilitarianism?
A type of utilitarianism which assesses the moral rightness or wrongness of an action based solely on the actual outcomes that result from the action.
99
How does actual consequences utilitarianism differ from foreseeable consequences utilitarianism?
Actual consequences utilitarianism focuses on the real, tangible results of actions after they have occurred, while foreseeable consequences utilitarianism evaluates actions based on predicted outcomes.
100
What is exhaustiveness in Mill’s utilitarian principle?
The principle that happiness is the only thing that is desirable.
101
What does impartiality mean in ethical considerations?
The principle that all individuals' interests and well-being are considered equally when assessing the consequences of actions.
102
What does 'the end justifies the means' imply?
The idea that the moral value of an action is determined solely by its outcomes or consequences.

quiz 6 (1 decks)

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