Untitled Deck Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What are the two processes for DNA to replicate to form a protein?
A
Transcription and Translation
3
Q
Which molecule has CODONS – DNA or mRNA?
A
mRNA
4
Q
What does the lock and key diagram show?
A
explains how enzymes fit their substrate.
5
Q
How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?
A
TWENTY
6
Q
What are the cell transport mechanisms?
A
- Simple diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated diffusion
- Active transport
- Endo/exocytosis
7
Q
What factors affect transport across cell membranes?
A
- Surface area
- Concentration gradient
- Temperature
- Size of the molecule
- Lipid solubility
- Thickness of the membrane
8
Q
Define diffusion.
A
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
9
Q
Define osmosis.
A
The movement of water particles from an area of a concentrated solution to an area of a dilute soultion through a partially permeable membrane.
10
Q
Define active transport.
A
The movement of particles against the concentration gradient, using energy.
or low conc to high conc requires enegry
11
Q
What is passive transport?
A
Transport that does not require energy.
12
Q
What is active transport?
A
Transport that requires energy.
13
Q
What molecules can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?
A
- Lipid-soluble molecules
- Very small, uncharged molecules
14
Q
List three adaptations of exchange surfaces for rapid diffusion.
A
- Large surface area
- Short diffusion path
- Maintenance of a steep concentration gradient
15
Q
What is facilitated diffusion?
A
Diffusion through a transmembrane protein.
16
Q
What happens in active transport?
A
ATP binds to a carrier protein to provide energy.
17
Q
What is exocytosis?
A
Vesicle fuses with membrane and releases substance outside of the cell.
18
Q
What is endocytosis?
A
Vesicle is produced from membrane and encases substances.
19
Q
What is the structure of the unit membrane?
A
A phospholipid bilayer.
20
Q
What are the components of phospholipids?
A
- Polar, hydrophilic phosphate head
- Non-polar, hydrophobic tail (fatty acid chains)
21
Q
What model describes the structure of membranes?
A
Fluid mosaic model.
22
Q
What role do glycoproteins play in the cell membrane?
A
They form the glycocalyx and allow cell to cell recognition.
23
Q
What can affect membrane integrity?
A
- High temperature
- Presence of organic solvents (e.g., alcohol)
24
Q
A
25
Name the 2 types of RNA molecules
mRNA, tRNA
26
What are all the bases called that make up DNA/RNA?
A, C, T, G, U (in RNA)
27
What makes up a phospholipid?
Glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, phosphate
28
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a human cell?
To package proteins into membrane-bound sacs called vesicles
29
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis
30
How are human cells structured?
the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm
31
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
32
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Large, round organelle surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with large nuclear pores
33
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains the cell’s DNA and controls all activities of the cell
34
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Transports proteins synthesized at the ribosomes
35
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Produces and transports lipids
36
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
A stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs with smaller vesicles around it
37
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Transports and chemically modifies substances, produces lysosomes
38
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Oval in shape with a double membrane; inner membrane folded into cristae
39
What occurs in the mitochondria?
Some reactions of aerobic respiration, releasing energy in the form of ATP
40
What is the structure of ribosomes?
Consist of two subunits, one large and one small, made up of protein and ribosomal RNA
41
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
42
What are the components of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates
43
What is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer?
Phosphate heads (polar/hydrophilic), fatty acid tails (non-polar/hydrophobic)
44
What does the plasma membrane control?
The movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles
45
True or False: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
True
46
Fill in the blank: Glycosylation is the attachment of a carbohydrate (sugar), known as glycan, to a _______.
hydroxyl or other functional groups of amino acids
47
What does the Fluid Mosaic Model describe?
Multiple components of the membrane that move around constantly
48
What are the components labeled in the Fluid Mosaic Model?
Glycolipid, Glycoprotein, Integral protein, Transmembrane/Channel/Carrier protein, Peripheral protein, Cholesterol, Phospholipid
49
What is a condition that is recessive?
A condition is recessive if two copies of the affected gene are required for the disease to appear.
50
What happens if a person inherits only one recessive allele?
They are a carrier but do not show symptoms.
51
Give an example of a recessive disease.
Cystic fibrosis.
52
In a Punnett Square, what do 'A' and 'a' represent?
'A' = normal allele, 'a' = disease allele (recessive).
53
If both parents are Aa (carriers), what is the chance of their child inheriting aa (disease)?
25% chance.
54
What is a disease?
Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens but rather by genetic, environmental, or lifestyle factors.
55
What is the definition of allergies?
An overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances.
56
What effects do allergies have on body systems?
* Causes inflammation
* Swelling
* Respiratory issues (e.g., asthma).
57
What is the definition of autoimmune diseases?
The immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells.
58
What effects do autoimmune diseases have on body systems?
* Leads to chronic inflammation
* Tissue damage (e.g., joints in rheumatoid arthritis).
59
What is the definition of cancer?
Uncontrolled cell growth due to genetic mutations.
60
What effects does cancer have on body systems?
* Tumours disrupt organ function
* Risk factors include genetics, environment, lifestyle.
61
What are inherited diseases?
Diseases passed down through genes.
62
What effects do inherited diseases have on body systems?
Can affect various organs or functions (e.g., cystic fibrosis affecting the lungs).
63
What are the three main types of genetic inheritance?
* Dominant
* Recessive
* Sex-linked inheritance.
64
What is sex-linked inheritance?
These diseases are carried on the X chromosome.
65
How does sex-linked inheritance differ for males and females?
Males need one faulty X-linked gene to have the disease; females need two.
66
Give examples of X-linked disorders.
* Hemophilia
* Color blindness.
67
What is a risk factor?
Increases chance of developing a disease.
68
Name a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD).
Poor diet, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise.
69
What does a lack of vitamin C cause?
Scurvy.
70
What does a lack of vitamin D cause?
Rickets.
71
Which conditions can obesity lead to?
* Diabetes
* CHD
* Arthritis.
72
What is a condition or trait that is dominant?
A condition is dominant if only one copy of the affected gene is enough to cause the disease.
73
How does dominant inheritance work?
If a person inherits just one dominant allele, they will express the disease or trait.
74
Give an example of a dominant disease.
Huntington’s disease.
75
In a Punnett Square example, what does 'A' represent?
'A' = dominant allele (disease-causing).
76
If one parent has Aa (disease) and the other has aa (normal), what is the chance of their child inheriting Aa (disease)?
50% chance.
77
What is the primary function of the skin?
Acts as a barrier - keeps out pathogens and other substances, mechanical impacts and pressure, temperature, micro-organisms, radiation and chemicals.
78
What is homeostasis?
The process of maintaining internal conditions separate from the outside.
79
List three functions of the skin.
* Regulates body temperature via sweat and hair
* Circulation and fluid balance via sweat
* Synthesis of Vitamin D
80
What do sweat glands do?
Secrete sweat onto the skin – absorbs heat from the blood allowing the skin to cool down.
81
What role do hair follicles and erector muscles play in thermoregulation?
When pulled upright, they trap a small layer of air, acting as an insulating layer.
82
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
Secrete oils into the skin and hair to soften it.
83
What are the three layers of skin?
* Epidermis
* Dermis
* Hypodermis
84
What is the epidermis?
The waterproof, non-living layer made of keratin and dead cells.
85
What does the dermis contain?
Living cells, along with glands and hair follicles.
86
What is found in the hypodermis?
Layers of fat and connective tissues.
87
How does the skin protect against invasion?
Covers the whole body, protects from physical damage, microbe infection, and dehydration.
88
What role do sebaceous glands play in microbial defense?
Produce oils which help to kill microbes.
89
What is the function of adipose fat beneath the dermis?
Provides energy reserves and insulation.
90
How does the skin synthesize vitamin D?
Using sunlight.
91
What is the function of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?
Controls thermoregulation by sending signals to muscles, organs, glands, and nervous system.
92
Fill in the blank: The integumentary system forms the _______ covering of the body.
[external]
93
Define homeostasis.
The self-regulating process by which biological systems strive to maintain stability.
94
What is the hypodermis also known as?
The subcutaneous layer.
95
What is a synovial joint?
A joint that allows for a range of motion while providing stability.
96
True or False: The epidermis is the thick layer of living tissue below the surface layer of the skin.
False
97
List the components of a synovial joint.
* Joint capsule
* Synovial membrane
* Articular cartilage
* Ligaments
