Untitled Deck Flashcards
(20 cards)
Who were some of the earliest thinkers in psychology?
Greek philosophers like Aristotle (perception, memory, and emotion), Epicurus (happiness, pleasure, pain), and Pyrrho of Elis (perception, cognition, reality).
What is dualism, and who proposed it?
Dualism is the idea that the mind and body are distinct entities; proposed by René Descartes.
What did John Locke contribute to psychology?
He proposed the idea of ‘tabula rasa’ (blank slate), suggesting that knowledge comes from experience.
Who is considered the ‘father of psychology,’ and why?
Wilhelm Wundt; he established the first experimental psychology lab and developed structuralism.
What is structuralism?
A psychological approach that analyzes the basic elements of consciousness using introspection.
How did William James contribute to psychology?
He developed functionalism, which focused on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments.
Who is the founder of the psychodynamic perspective?
Sigmund Freud.
What are the three components of Freud’s structural model of the mind?
Id (instinctual desires), Ego (reality mediator), Superego (moral standards).
What is psychoanalysis?
A therapy developed by Freud to explore unconscious thoughts through methods like dream analysis and free association.
What is the psychosexual development theory?
Freud’s theory that personality develops through stages: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.
What did Carl Jung add to Freud’s theory?
The concept of the ‘collective unconscious’ and archetypes.
How did Alfred Adler’s theory differ from Freud’s?
He focused on the ‘inferiority complex’ and the drive for superiority rather than unconscious sexual desires.
What was Erik Erikson’s major contribution?
The psychosocial development theory, which includes 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood.
What is behaviourism?
A psychological perspective that focuses on observable behaviour rather than internal mental processes.
Who developed classical conditioning, and what is it?
Ivan Pavlov; learning through association (e.g., dogs salivating at a bell).
What is operant conditioning?
A learning process where behaviour is influenced by rewards and punishments, developed by B.F. Skinner.
What are the four types of operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
What does the cognitive perspective focus on?
How people process, store, and retrieve information.
How is the mind compared to a computer in cognitive psychology?
The brain processes information through input, storage, and output, similar to a computer.
What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?
A therapy that combines cognitive and behavioural techniques to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviours.
