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AP Euro > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A

Meeting of victorious powers following Napoleonic wars, including Austria, Russia, Prussia, and England. Aimed to restore stability, legitimacy, and balance of power.

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2
Q

Who was Metternich?

A

Conservative minister of the Austrian Empire who feared liberalism and nationalism. Valued the principles of legitimacy and balance of power.

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3
Q

What were the Carlsbad Decrees (1819)?

A

Metternich’s reactionary anti-liberal and anti-nationalist laws in Germany, banning burschenschaften, removing liberal university professors, and censoring the press.

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4
Q

What was the Congress of Troppau (1820)?

A

A statement of alliance among European powers asserting the right of intervention for stable governments to restore order in revolutionary countries.

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5
Q

What sparked the Greek Revolution (1821)?

A

Greek nationalism grew within the Greek Millet of the Ottoman Empire after rebellions.

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6
Q

What did the France Constitutional Charter (1814) establish?

A

Created a constitutional monarchy, continuing the ideals of the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen and retaining liberal freedoms from the Revolution.

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7
Q

Who was Louis XVIII?

A

Moderate monarch following Napoleon’s 100 days who allowed liberal freedoms.

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8
Q

What were the July Ordinances?

A

Issued on July 26, 1830, they dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, restricted civil liberties, censored the press, and took the vote away from the bourgeoisie, sparking the July Revolution.

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9
Q

What was the July Revolution?

A

A massive uprising of workers and the bourgeoisie that led to the downfall of Charles X, with the bourgeoisie seeking a constitutional monarchy and the proletariat wanting a republic.

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10
Q

Who was Louis Philippe?

A

Known as the ‘July Monarch’, he prioritized the bourgeoisie and supported laissez-faire policies within a constitutional monarchy.

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11
Q

What was the February Revolution of 1848?

A

A massive uprising in Paris that sparked the Revolutions of 1848, also known as the ‘sneeze of 1848’.

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12
Q

What were the March Days (March 13)?

A

A massive protest march by Austrian middle-class students in Vienna demanding a liberal constitution, leading to Metternich’s flight.

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13
Q

What was the Magyar Revolt?

A

Hungarian Diet issued March Laws granting religious toleration, jury trial rights, free speech, and equitable taxation, but not independence.

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14
Q

Who was Louis Kossuth?

A

A Hungarian liberal nationalist and member of the Hungarian Diet who demanded a liberal constitution and Hungarian independence.

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15
Q

What was the Frankfurt Assembly?

A

In May 1848, frightened monarchs agreed to constitutions and civil liberties, with representatives elected to the assembly dreaming of a liberal constitutional monarchy.

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16
Q

What led to the failure of the Frankfurt Assembly?

A

Divisions over the German Question and a lack of a symbiotic link between liberal nationalists and republican/socialist nationalists.

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17
Q

What was the Tory Party?

A

A conservative party composed of wealthy landowners who controlled the Houses of Parliament and opposed liberal reforms.

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18
Q

What were the Corn Laws (1815-1846)?

A

Protective tariffs on imported grain aimed at stopping cheaper foreign grains, despised by liberal factory owners and the working class, fueling Chartism.

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19
Q

What was the Peterloo Massacre (1819)?

A

A brutal attack on peaceful Chartist workers gathering to demand the repeal of the Corn Laws, universal suffrage, and annual elections.

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20
Q

What were the Six Acts (1819)?

A

Arch conservative laws meant to repress political agitators and limit natural rights.

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21
Q

What did the Great Reform Bill (1832) achieve?

A

Abolished hundreds of ‘rotten boroughs’, gave representation to large industrial cities like Manchester, and extended the vote to middle-class liberals.

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22
Q

Who was Louis Napoleon before realpolitik?

A

An ultra-conservative president of France who was anti-socialist and anti-liberal, restricting press and assembly.

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23
Q

What were the Falloux Laws?

A

Laws that placed the Catholic Church in charge of education in France.

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24
Q

What was the Coup of 1851?

A

Louis Napoleon’s overthrow of the Second Republic, leading to the establishment of the Second Empire of France.

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25
Who was George Haussmann?
The urban planner responsible for the beautification process of France.
26
What were the barriers to Italian unification?
Sectionalism between Northern and Southern Italy, the Catholic Church's opposition, and the Austrian Empire's control over Lombardy and Venetia.
27
What was the Risorgimento?
A romantic nationalist movement for Italian unity and independence, promoted by exiled republicans.
28
Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
An exiled writer and romantic socialist republican who founded Young Italy and advocated for a democratic republic.
29
Who was Camillo Cavour?
The Prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia, a classic liberal who made Piedmont a model of liberalism and practiced realpolitik.
30
What was the Plombieres Accord?
A military alliance between Cavour and Napoleon III against Austria, promising French aid if Austria attacked.
31
What was the Italian-Austrian War?
Conflict where Piedmont Sardinian and French armies defeated Austria, calling for Italian unification.
32
What was the Treaty of Villafranca?
A 1859 peace treaty between France and Austria that excluded Piedmont from negotiations.
33
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
A romantic-socialist republican who invaded Sicily and marched towards Rome, posing a danger to Cavour.
34
What was the Decembrist Revolt?
A 1825 coup led by liberal officers in Russia who sought to establish a constitutional monarchy, crushed by Nicholas I.
35
Who was Nicholas I?
The reactionary absolutist ruler of Russia who viewed liberalism as a violation of the Great Chain of Being.
36
What was the Official Nationality under Nicholas I?
A state-controlled nationalism that emphasized orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism.
37
What were the causes of the Crimean War?
Disputes over guardianship of Jerusalem's holy places, the Eastern Question, and the balance of power in Europe.
38
What was the Congress of Paris (1856)?
The conference that concluded the Crimean War, resulting in Russia ceding territory and a ban on Russian warships in the Black Sea.
39
Who was Alexander II?
The Tsar of Russia who practiced realpolitik and initiated reforms following the Crimean War.
40
Who were the Slavophiles?
Conservative reactionaries in Russia who rejected bourgeois capitalism and celebrated orthodox faith.
41
What was the Intelligentsia?
Russian intellectuals estranged from the government and church, often adopting violent radical views.
42
What was the Ukaze of Emancipation (1861)?
Alexander II abolished hereditary serfdom, redistributing land between boyars and peasants.
43
What was the Zemstvos Edict of 1864?
An edict that established regional and local democratic governments in Russia.
44
What is Orthodox Marxist Socialism?
Characterized by economic determinism, class struggle, dialectic materialism, and the inevitability of communism.
45
Who was Alexander III?
The conservative reactionary son of Alexander II who abandoned reforms and suppressed the intelligentsia.
46
Who was Konstantin Pobiedonostev?
An adviser to Alexander II and III, a nationalist slavophile who attacked rationalism and liberalism.
47
What were the Kadets?
A liberal Russian organization that favored a constitutional monarchy.
48
Who were the Mensheviks?
Evolutionary Russian Marxists who favored gradual socialism through cooperation with the existing government.
49
What was Bloody Sunday (1905)?
A massacre of peaceful protesters by Tsarist troops, shattering the public's view of the Tsar as the 'Little Father'.
50
What was the October Manifesto?
The Tsar's proclamation granting a constitution, civil liberties, and a Duma, which liberals supported but social democrats viewed as deceptive.
51
What is British Exceptionalism?
The belief in British superiority during the Victorian era due to political stability, industrialization, colonial empires, and middle-class values.
52
Who was John Stuart Mill?
A classic liberal who advocated for individual freedom and the Harm Principle, which states that government should only intervene to prevent harm to others.
53
Who was William Gladstone?
A dogmatic classic liberal reformer of the Victorian age, known for his religious beliefs and support for Irish home rule.
54
What were Gladstone's values?
Free trade, lower tariffs, meritocracy, and the Australian Ballot Act of 1872, which introduced secret ballots to protect democracy.
55
Who was Benjamin Disraeli?
Leader of the Conservative Party in England, known for his belief in 'Greater England' and British exceptionalism.
56
What was Disraeli's domestic policy?
Paternalistic legislation aimed at protecting the weak, including laws for workers' rights and public health.
57
What did the Great Reform Bill of 1867 accomplish?
Extended the right to vote to urban workers, considered a 'leap in the dark'.
58
What was the Irish question?
Debate over Ireland's status with Great Britain, with radical nationalists (Fenians) seeking independence and Protestant Unionists (Black & Tans) opposing home rule.
59
What was Home Rule?
Gladstone's proposed bill granting Ireland its own parliament for regional issues but not independence.
60
What was the Prussian Reichstag?
The liberal bourgeoisie legislative parliament of Prussia, aimed at unifying Prussia with German states through liberalism.
61
What was the Seven Weeks War (1866)?
Bismarck's war against Austria, resulting in the formation of the North German Confederation.
62
What was the Ems Dispatch?
A manipulated communication by Bismarck that provoked France into declaring war in 1870.
63
What was the Franco-Prussian War?
The conflict that resulted in the formation of France's Third Republic and the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine by Germany.
64
What was the Kulturkampf?
Bismarck's anti-Catholic laws aimed at appeasing liberals by expelling Jesuits and purging civil service.
65
What was Weltpolitik?
Wilhelm II's aggressive foreign policy focused on colonial and naval expansion, disrupting Bismarck's alliance system.
66
What was La Belle Époque?
A term for the Third Republic of France, representing a golden age of bourgeois culture in Western Europe.
67
Who was Adolph Thiers?
President of the French Third Republic and a moderate conservative.
68
What was the Paris Commune?
A radical socialist government that briefly ruled Paris in 1871, made up of working-class communards.
69
What was Bloody Week?
The massacre of Paris Commune members ordered by Thiers, resulting in the deaths of 25,000 communards.
70
What were the characteristics of the Third Republic?
Divided between monarchists, including Legitimists and Orleanists.
71
What was the Dreyfus Affair?
A political scandal that exposed anti-Semitism in France after a Jewish officer was falsely accused of spying.
72
Who was Emile Zola?
A famous realistic writer known for his phrase 'J'accuse!' in defense of Dreyfus.
73
What were the Ferry Laws?
Laws that established education reforms and the separation of church and state in France.
74
What is New Imperialism?
The period from 1880-1914 characterized by economic, political, military, and cultural domination of one nation over another.
75
What was the Gold Motive in imperialism?
The economic drive for raw materials during the second industrial revolution, emphasizing the need for naval bases.
76
What was the God Motive in imperialism?
The missionary drive to spread European civilization and religion, often associated with paternalism.
77
What was the Glory Motive in imperialism?
Nationalistic motivations fueled by British exceptionalism and social Darwinism.
78
What are colonies?
Territories directly governed by the mother nation, such as India after the Sepoy Rebellion.
79
What are protectorates?
Territories ruled by an imperial nation through a proxy or puppet government.
80
What is a sphere of influence?
An area maintaining political independence but economically dominated by a foreign power.
81
Who was Leopold II?
The king who created the Congo Free State, leading to mass abuse and atrocities fueled by the need for rubber.
82
What was the Scramble for Africa?
The rush among European powers to claim African territories, spurred by Stanley's exploits.
83
What was the Berlin Conference (1885)?
Bismarck's conference that established rules for claiming African territories, requiring physical occupation.
84
What was the Suez Canal?
A canal sold by the Khedive of Egypt to Israel, making Egypt a protectorate of England.
85
Who were the Afrikaaners?
Descendants of the Dutch who migrated to escape British rule during the Great Trek.
86
What was the Boer War?
A conflict sparked by the discovery of gold in Transvaal, leading to guerrilla warfare and British concentration camps.
87
Who were the Nawabs?
Regional Muslim nobility who administered local regions for Mughal rulers.
88
What was the Macartney Mission?
A failed trade mission between England and China that highlighted mutual perceptions of inferiority.
89
What were the Opium Wars?
Conflicts initiated by Britain's desire to continue the opium trade in China, leading to war over trade rights.
90
What was the Treaty of Nanking?
The treaty that granted Britain exclusive trade rights in China, including Hong Kong and extraterritorial rights.
91
Who was Edwin Chadwick?
A British commissioner who helped improve sanitation through the Public Health Act of 1848.
92
What is pasteurization?
A method developed by Pasteur to heat products to destroy organisms and create vaccines.
93
What was the code of expected middle-class behavior?
Stressed hard work, self-discipline, religious propriety, and restraint from vices.
94
What is materialism?
The belief that reality can be explained through science rather than religion, rejecting romantic ideals.
95
Who was August Comte?
A French materialist and father of sociology who proposed a three-stage evolution of understanding reality.
96
What is positivism?
The belief that nature and society can be understood and controlled through observation and experimentation.
97
Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?
The founder of the Women's Social and Political Union, known for her publicity stunts advocating for women's rights.
98
Who was Nietzsche?
A materialist philosopher who rejected enlightenment liberalism and believed in the concept of the Ubermensch.
99
What was the new physics?
A shift in understanding the universe from Newton's orderly machine to new theories of matter and energy.
100
What is Positivism?
Positivism is the belief that nature and society can be explained and controlled based on observation, experiment, and comparison.
101
Who is Emmeline Pankhurst?
Emmeline Pankhurst was the founder of the Women’s Social and Political Union, known for using publicity stunts and serving as a model for 'New Women' who rejected middle-class roles for women.
102
What are Nietzsche's views?
Nietzsche was a materialist philosopher who rejected enlightenment liberalism, Christianity, alcohol, and revealed truths. He believed that the Ubermensch have the courage to create meaning in a meaningless world.
103
What was Newton's view of the universe?
Newton believed the universe was an orderly machine and that matter was solid material.
104
What did Curie and Planck prove?
Curie and Planck proved that atoms are not solid.

AP Euro (1 decks)

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