Untitled Deck Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is the cell membrane?
A lipid barrier that controls what goes in/out of a cell
Define cytosol.
Aqueous, semifluid medium for chemical processes inside the cell
What forms genetic information in cells?
DNA (chromosomes) and RNA
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Used to make proteins
True or False: Viruses are considered living organisms.
False
List three reasons why viruses are not considered living.
- They lack ribosomes to make proteins
- They infect host cells to use their ribosomes
- They are not considered cells
What are the two empires of life?
Cellular empire and acellular empire
What are the main features of bacteria?
- Unicellular
- Circular chromosome
- Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
- Size varies, most < 1 um
- Shapes: rods, spherical, helical
- No nucleus, nucleoid region
What distinguishes archaea from bacteria?
- Unicellular
- Circular chromosome
- No nucleus, nucleoid region
- Cell wall not made of peptidoglycan
- Live in extreme environments
What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?
- Linear chromosomes
- Many organelles
- Chromosomes contained in nucleus
- Some have cell walls
- Size varies, generally larger
What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Contains chromosomes and has a nucleolus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
What is the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesizes proteins, which are shipped to other organelles or secreted
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Synthesizes lipids needed by the organism
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Processes and tags proteins for their final destination
What do lysosomes do?
Digest macromolecules and export monomers to the cytosol
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Supply ATP to cells through cellular respiration
What is unique about chloroplasts?
Involved in photosynthesis and contain their own DNA and ribosomes
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
One organism living inside another, benefiting both (mutualism)
List evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in size and shape to bacteria
- They reproduce by dividing
- They have double membranes
- Circular DNA and ribosomal genes similar to bacteria
What is the significance of phylogeny based on ribosomal gene sequencing?
Supports the classification of organisms and the endosymbiotic theory
Fill in the blank: The cell wall of bacteria is made of _______.
peptidoglycan
What are the main differences between plant and animal eukaryotic cells?
- Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts
- Animal cells have lysosomes and smaller vacuoles
What are the common shapes of archaea cells?
- Rods
- Spherical
- Helical
- Irregular shapes
What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?
Store water and ions to maintain cell volume
