Untitled Deck Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?
A
- Sensorimotor (0–2): Learning through senses and actions
- Preoperational (2–7): Egocentric thinking, symbolic play
- Concrete Operational (7–11): Logical thinking about concrete events
- Formal Operational (12+): Abstract and moral reasoning
2
Q
What are the three tiers of MTSS?
A
• Tier 1: Universal interventions for all students
• Tier 2: Targeted support for small groups
• Tier 3: Intensive, individualized interventions
3
Q
What’s the difference between fluid (Gf) and crystallized (Gc) intelligence?
A
• Gf: Problem-solving and reasoning with new information
• Gc: Knowledge from experience and education (vocabulary, facts)
4
Q
What does a standard score of 85–115 indicate?
A
Average range of functioning
5
Q
What are the five main index scores on the WISC-V?
A
- Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)
- Visual Spatial Index (VSI)
- Fluid Reasoning Index (FRI)
- Working Memory Index (WMI)
- Processing Speed Index (PSI)
6
Q
What’s the main difference between the Conners and the BASC assessments?
A
• Conners: Focuses on ADHD and disruptive behaviors
• BASC: Broad emotional and behavioral assessment
7
Q
What are the main types of reliability in assessment?
A
• Test-retest reliability
• Inter-rater reliability
• Internal consistency
8
Q
What are the main types of validity in testing?
A
• Content validity
• Criterion-related validity (concurrent & predictive)
• Construct validity
9
Q
What are the four NASP ethical principles?
A
- Respect for dignity of persons
- Responsible caring
- Integrity in professional relationships
- Responsibility to schools, families, and society
10
Q
What law protects student education records?
A
FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act)
11
Q
What’s the purpose of a 504 Plan?
A
Provides accommodations for students with disabilities not requiring special education services
12
Q
What law mandates special education services?
A
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)
13
Q
What is RTI?
A
A multi-tiered model using data to provide early, systematic help to struggling students
14
Q
What is Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)?
A
Short, frequent assessments to monitor progress in core academic areas
15
Q
What does Full-Scale IQ represent?
A
A composite score representing overall cognitive ability
16
Q
What is the difference between the WJ-IV and the KTEA assessments?
A
• WJ-IV: Measures broad academic achievement
• KTEA: Focuses more on language and reading achievement
17
Q
What does the Vineland assess?
A
Adaptive behavior skills (e.g., communication, daily living, socialization)
18
Q
What does a T-score of 70 on the BASC-3 suggest?
A
Clinically significant concern
19
Q
What is Bronfenbrenner’s Microsystem?
A
The immediate environment (family, peers, school)
20
Q
What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?
A
The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with help
21
Q
What is the best reading fluency intervention?
A
Repeated reading with progress monitoring
22
Q
What is fidelity of intervention?
A
Implementing an intervention as it was intended
23
Q
What is the best practice when assessing ELL students?
A
Use culturally responsive, multiple sources of assessment data
24
Q
What is effect size?
A
A measure of the strength or magnitude of an intervention’s impact
25
What is Tier 1 in the MTSS framework?
Universal interventions for all students; high-quality instruction and behavior supports in general education.
26
What is Tier 2 in MTSS?
Targeted interventions for students at risk who are not responding to Tier 1 supports.
27
What is Tier 3 in MTSS?
Intensive, individualized interventions for students with significant needs.
28
What is the purpose of curriculum-based measurement (CBM)?
To monitor students’ academic progress through brief, frequent, and standardized assessments tied to curriculum.
29
What does RTI stand for and what is its main purpose?
Response to Intervention; used to identify students who need additional academic or behavioral support and to inform instructional decisions.
30
What is Piaget’s theory known for?
Stages of cognitive development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
31
At what stage in Piaget’s theory does a child begin using logical thought about concrete events?
Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7–11)
32
What does Erikson’s theory focus on?
Psychosocial development through 8 stages across the lifespan.
33
What is Erikson’s stage for adolescence?
Identity vs. Role Confusion
34
What is the purpose of IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)?
Ensures free appropriate public education (FAPE) for students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment (LRE).
35
What is the 504 Plan eligibility requirement?
A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.
36
What is the primary federal law that governs confidentiality of student education records?
FERPA – Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
37
What is an example of a formative behavioral assessment?
Observing a student during class to collect ABC (Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence) data.
38
What is the ABC model in behavioral analysis?
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
39
What is the difference between internalizing and externalizing behaviors?
• Internalizing: Anxiety, depression, withdrawal
• Externalizing: Aggression, defiance, disruption
40
What is the function of behavior according to behaviorism?
Behavior is learned and maintained through reinforcement or punishment.
41
What are the 13 disability categories under IDEA?
1.Autism
2.Deafness
3.Emotional Disturbance,
4.Intellectual Disability
5.OHI
6.SLD
7.Speech/Language Impairment
8.deaf/blindness
9.developmental delay
10. Hearing impairment
11. Multiple disabilities
12.TBI
13. Orthopedic impairment
42
What is the definition of Specific Learning Disability (SLD) under IDEA?
A disorder in one or more basic psychological processes that affects understanding or use of spoken/written language.
43
What is the discrepancy model for SLD identification?
Compares a student’s IQ and achievement scores; a significant gap may indicate SLD.
44
What are examples of indirect services provided by school psychologists?
Consultation with teachers and parents, professional development, program evaluation.
45
What is the ethical principle of 'fidelity and responsibility' in NASP?
Be trustworthy, uphold professional standards, and accept responsibility for actions.
46
What is the NASP-recommended ratio of school psychologists to students?
1:500–700 students
47
What is the PREPaRE model?
A school crisis response model by NASP: Prevent, Reaffirm, Evaluate, Provide, and Respond to crises and trauma in schools.
48
What does PREPaRE stand for?
• Prevent and prepare for psychological trauma
• Reaffirm physical health and perceptions of safety
• Evaluate psychological trauma risk
• Provide interventions
• and
• Respond to psychological needs
• Examine effectiveness
49
What is the main goal of a school crisis response?
Ensure physical safety, provide psychological first aid, and restore normalcy while minimizing long-term trauma.
50
What is Psychological First Aid (PFA)?
A supportive approach after a crisis that focuses on safety, calming, self-efficacy, connectedness, and hope.
51
What are the five core principles of Psychological First Aid?
Safety, Calm, Efficacy, Connectedness, Hope
52
What is the difference between a crisis and an emergency?
• Crisis: Event that overwhelms coping mechanisms (can be individual or school-wide)
• Emergency: An urgent, often life-threatening situation requiring immediate action (e.g., fire, intruder)
53
What role does a school psychologist play in crisis prevention?
Help develop safety plans, train staff in crisis procedures, promote positive school climate, and conduct risk assessments.
54
What is a threat assessment?
A process to evaluate the risk posed by a student or situation to prevent violence or harm.
55
What is the difference between a threat assessment and a risk assessment?
• Threat assessment: Determines likelihood and seriousness of a specific threat
• Risk assessment: Evaluates ongoing risk factors (e.g., suicidal ideation, violence potential)
56
What are the four types of crises in schools?
Natural disasters, accidents, interpersonal violence, suicide or death of a student/staff.
57
What is postvention in a school crisis?
Support provided after a crisis, especially after a death or suicide, to promote healing and prevent contagion.
58
What should a school crisis plan include?
Roles/responsibilities, communication procedures, evacuation protocols, reunification plans, mental health services.
59
What is contagion in the context of school suicide postvention?
The risk that exposure to suicide or death may increase suicidal behaviors in others.
60
What is the recommended response to a non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) incident in school?
Assess for intent, provide support and referrals, communicate with caregivers, monitor, and ensure safe environment.
61
What is the role of a school psychologist during a lockdown drill?
Help plan procedures, ensure emotional safety, support students with anxiety or trauma history, and debrief afterward.
62
What does the CHC theory stand for?
Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities; a comprehensive model used in many modern cognitive assessments.
63
What are the three strata in the CHC model?
• Stratum I: Narrow abilities
• Stratum II: Broad abilities
• Stratum III: General intelligence (g)
64
What is Fluid Reasoning (Gf)?
The ability to solve novel problems using logic and reasoning, without relying on prior knowledge.
65
What is Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)?
Knowledge and skills acquired through experience and education; includes vocabulary, general knowledge.
66
What is Visual-Spatial Processing (Gv)?
The ability to think in images and visualize spatial relationships; important for reading maps, puzzles, geometry.
67
What is Processing Speed (Gs)?
The ability to perform simple, repetitive tasks quickly and fluently with attention to detail.
68
What is Working Memory (Gwm)?
The ability to hold and manipulate information in short-term memory for use in reasoning and comprehension.
69
What is Long-Term Storage and Retrieval (Glr)?
The ability to store information and retrieve it later efficiently; includes memory for stories, word associations.
70
What is an example of a test that measures Fluid Reasoning (Gf)?
Matrix Reasoning (WISC), Concept Formation (WJ IV)
71
What is an example of a test that measures Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)?
Vocabulary or Comprehension subtests from the WISC or WJ IV
72
What is an example of a test that measures Processing Speed (Gs)?
Coding or Symbol Search from the WISC
73
What is an example of a test that measures Working Memory (Gwm)?
Digit Span or Letter-Number Sequencing from the WISC
74
What cognitive ability is most related to reading decoding and fluency?
Processing Speed (Gs) and Phonemic Awareness (under Glr)
75
What cognitive ability is most linked to math problem-solving?
Fluid Reasoning (Gf) and Working Memory (Gwm)
76
What cognitive ability supports reading comprehension?
Crystallized Intelligence (Gc) and Working Memory (Gwm)
77
What is the difference between short-term and working memory?
Short-term memory stores information briefly; working memory involves manipulating that info for a task.
78
What does 'g' refer to in intelligence testing?
General intelligence—a common factor influencing all cognitive tasks.
79
What is a normative score range for cognitive ability tests?
Average is 85–115; mean of 100 and SD of 15
80
What is considered a significant discrepancy in cognitive assessments?
Typically 1.5–2 standard deviations between scores, depending on the tool and context.
81
What is the primary use of cognitive ability assessments in schools?
To identify learning disabilities, guide interventions, and inform eligibility for special education.
82
How many IDEA disability categories are there?
13 categories
83
What does IDEA stand for?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
84
What are the 13 IDEA disability categories?
1. Specific Learning Disability (SLD)
2. Other Health Impairment (OHI)
3. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
4. Emotional Disturbance (ED)
5. Speech or Language Impairment (SLI)
6. Visual Impairment
7. Deafness
8. Hearing Impairment
9. Deaf-Blindness
85
What are the 13 IDEA disability categories?
* Specific Learning Disability (SLD)
* Other Health Impairment (OHI)
* Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
* Emotional Disturbance (ED)
* Speech or Language Impairment (SLI)
* Visual Impairment
* Deafness
* Hearing Impairment
* Deaf-Blindness
* Orthopedic Impairment
* Intellectual Disability (ID)
* Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
* Multiple Disabilities
86
What is Specific Learning Disability (SLD)?
A disorder in one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language; affects skills like reading, writing, or math.
87
What methods can be used to identify SLD?
* Discrepancy model
* Response to Intervention (RTI)
* Patterns of strengths and weaknesses (PSW)
88
What is Other Health Impairment (OHI)?
A health condition that limits strength, energy, or alertness (e.g., ADHD, epilepsy, diabetes); adversely affects education.
89
What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) under IDEA?
A developmental disability affecting social communication and behavior, evident before age 3, impacting educational performance.
90
What is Emotional Disturbance (ED)?
A condition showing one or more behavioral/emotional characteristics over time that adversely affects learning (e.g., anxiety, depression, conduct problems).
91
What is Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning (IQ below ~70) with deficits in adaptive behavior, evident during the developmental period.
92
What is Speech or Language Impairment (SLI)?
Communication disorders such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or voice impairment that affect educational performance.
93
What is Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
An acquired brain injury caused by external force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment.
94
What is Multiple Disabilities under IDEA?
Co-occurring impairments (e.g., ID-blindness) that cause severe educational needs not met by addressing only one disability category.
95
What is required for IDEA eligibility?
* A disability listed under IDEA
* Adverse effect on educational performance
* Need for special education and related services
96
What is a school psychologist’s role in IDEA eligibility?
Conduct assessments, participate in multidisciplinary teams, analyze data, and help determine eligibility.
97
What is the timeline for completing an IDEA evaluation after consent is received?
60 calendar days (federal guideline) unless state specifies otherwise.
98
What must a psychoeducational evaluation include under IDEA?
Multiple measures, valid tools, non-discriminatory testing, in student’s primary language, and consideration of all areas of suspected disability.
99
Can cultural or language differences qualify a student for special education?
No. IDEA requires exclusion of lack of instruction or language/cultural differences as the primary cause of learning difficulties.
100
What is 'child find' under IDEA?
The requirement that schools identify, locate, and evaluate all children with disabilities who may need special education.
101
