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Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

What is one function of the respiratory system?

A

Provides oxygen to the blood

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2
Q

What does the respiratory system eliminate from the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide

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3
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate blood hydrogen ion concentration?

A

In coordination with the kidneys

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4
Q

What function of the respiratory system is involved in communication?

A

Forms speech sounds

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5
Q

How does the respiratory system protect the body?

A

Defends against inhaled microbes

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6
Q

What does the respiratory system influence in the blood?

A

Arterial concentrations of chemicals

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7
Q

What does the respiratory system trap and dissolve?

A

Blood clots arising from systemic veins

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8
Q

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory system?

A

Upper and lower respiratory systems

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9
Q

Which lung is bigger, the right lung or the left lung?

A

Right lung

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10
Q

What part of the respiratory system is referred to as the conducting zone?

A

Upper respiratory system

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11
Q

What part of the respiratory system is referred to as the respiratory zone?

A

Lower respiratory system

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12
Q

What is the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

A

All the structures the air must pass through to reach the lungs.

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13
Q

What structures are included in the conducting zone?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.

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14
Q

What is one function of the conducting zone in the respiratory system?

A

Provides a low resistance pathway for air flow.

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15
Q

How does the conducting zone protect the body?

A

Defends against microbes, toxic chemicals, and other foreign matter.

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16
Q

What does the conducting zone do to the air we breathe?

A

Warms and moistens air.

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17
Q

What role do the vocal cords play in the conducting zone?

A

Phonates (produces sound).

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18
Q

Respiratory Epithelium

A

goblet cells produce mucus

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19
Q

and cilia move and waft mucus

A
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20
Q

What is the site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory Zone

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21
Q

What structures make up the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

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22
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air-filled sacs

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23
Q

Ventilation

A

the movement of air in and out of the lungs

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24
Q

measured in litres per min

A
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25
What is gas exchange?
The process of supplying oxygen to the body tissues and the removal of CO2 from the body tissues.
26
Where does gas exchange occur?
At the alveoli.
27
How does gas exchange occur?
By diffusion.
28
What is the principle of ventilation?
Exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli.
29
In ventilation, where does air move from?
Regions of high pressure (atmospheric air).
30
In ventilation, where does air move to?
Regions of low pressure (thorax).
31
What is the formula that relates flow, pressure difference, and resistance?
F = difference in P / R
32
What is flow (F) proportional to?
The pressure difference between two points
33
What is flow (F) inversely proportional to?
Resistance (R)
34
What is the pressure in the alveoli called?
Alveolar pressure (Palv)
35
What is the pressure at the nose and mouth called?
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
36
What is needed for airflow into or out of the lungs?
The relevant pressures are the alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure.
37
Equation for Airflow
F = ( Palv - Patm) / R
38
What happens during diaphragm contraction in ventilation?
The diaphragm moves down, increasing volume in the thoracic cavity.
39
How does diaphragm contraction affect pressure in the thoracic cavity?
It decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity.
40
What is the relationship between atmospheric pressure and lung interior pressure during ventilation?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than lung interior pressure.
41
What happens to the diaphragm during ventilation?
The diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
42
What effect does diaphragm relaxation have on the thoracic cavity volume?
It decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
43
What happens to the pressure in the thoracic cavity during ventilation?
The pressure in the thoracic cavity increases.
44
How does atmospheric pressure compare to lung interior pressure during ventilation?
Atmospheric pressure is less than lung interior pressure.
45
What does Boyle's Law state about the relationship between pressure and volume of gas?
They have an inverse relationship.
46
What happens to pressure when the volume of gas increases, according to Boyle's Law?
Pressure decreases.
47
Under what condition does Boyle's Law apply?
When the temperature is kept constant.
48
What is the abbreviation for transpulmonary pressure?
Ptp
49
What is the definition of transpulmonary pressure?
The difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the lung.
50
What is the pressure inside the lung called?
Palv (air pressure inside the alveoli)
51
What is the pressure outside the lungs called?
Pip (pressure of the intrapleural fluid surrounding the lungs)
52
Transpulmonary pressure equation
Ptp = Palv - Pip
53
What is the abbreviation for intrapleural pressure?
Pip
54
What is the balance of intrapleural pressure at rest between?
The tendency of the lung to collapse and the tendency of the chest wall to expand.
55
what does pressure of the chest wall represent (Pcw)
represents the transmural pressure across the chest wall (Pip-Patm)
56
Whats the driving pressure gradient for airflow into and out of the lungs
Palv - Patm
57
What happens to the muscles of the chest wall during inspiration?
Muscles of the chest wall contract and cause the chest wall to expand.
58
What does the diaphragm do during inspiration?
The diaphragm contracts downwards, further enlarging the thoracic cavity.
59
What happens to the intrapleural pressure (Pip) during inspiration?
As the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, Pip decreases.
60
What is the effect on transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) during inspiration?
Ptp becomes more positive as a result of the decrease in Pip, causing the lungs to expand.
61
How does alveolar pressure (Palv) change during inspiration?
Palv becomes more negative compared to atmospheric pressure (Patm), allowing air to flow inwards.
62
What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?
They contract and rise up and out.
63
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
It contracts and moves downwards.
64
What occurs to the chest cavity during inspiration?
It expands.
65
What is the result of the chest cavity expanding during inspiration?
Air is drawn into the lungs.
66
How does air move during inspiration?
Air moves down a pressure gradient from high to low.
67
What happens to the diaphragm during the inspiration sequence?
The diaphragm contracts.
68
What happens to the inspiratory intercostals during the inspiration sequence?
The inspiratory intercostals contract.
69
What occurs to the thorax during the inspiration sequence?
The thorax expands.
70
What happens to the intrapleural pressure (Pip) during inspiration?
Pip becomes more subatmospheric.
71
What happens to the transpulmonary pressure during inspiration?
There is an increase in transpulmonary pressure.
72
What occurs to the lungs during the inspiration sequence?
The lungs expand.
73
What happens to the alveolar pressure (Palv) during inspiration?
Palv becomes subatmospheric.
74
What is the result of the pressure changes during inspiration?
Air flows into the alveoli.
75
What is expiration in the context of breathing?
A passive process at rest.
76
What happens to the muscles of inspiration during expiration?
They relax.
77
What occurs to the chest cavity during expiration?
It returns to resting size.
78
What happens to the lungs during expiration?
They return to resting size.
79
What happens to the pressure in the lungs during expiration?
It increases to above atmospheric pressure.
80
What happens to the air in the lungs during expiration?
It is squeezed out of the lungs.
81
What happens to the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals during expiration?
They stop contracting.
82
What occurs to the chest wall during expiration?
It recoils inwards.
83
What happens to Pip during expiration?
It moves back towards pre-inspiration value.
84
What happens to transpulmonary pressure during expiration?
It moves back toward pre-inspiration value.
85
What occurs to the lungs during expiration?
They recoil towards pre-inspiration size.
86
What happens to the air in the alveoli during expiration?
It becomes compressed.
87
What is the relationship between Palv and Patm during expiration?
Palv becomes greater than Patm.
88
What happens to air flow during expiration?
Air flows out of the lungs.
89
Primary inspiratory muscles at rest
diaphragm and external intercostals
90
accessory inspiratory muscles
sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major, serratus anterior
91
Accessory expiratory muscles
internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, external oblique, rectus abdominis, internal oblique
92
Pulmonary diffusion
gas exchange in the lungs between the alveoli and the capillary blood
93
Functions of pulmonary diffusion
Replenishes blood oxygen supply
94
Removes carbon dioxide from venous blood
95
Respiratory membrane
consists of alveolar wall, capillary wall and their respective basement membranes
96
Percentage of gas in ambient air
o2 = 20.93%
97
co2 = 0.04%
98
Nitrogen = 78.63%
99
what is gas exchange also helped by
helped by surfactant - so the alveoli dont collapse due to high surface tension

sport physiology (1 decks)

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