Untitled Deck Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Mold
A
An impression made in the surrounding earth or rock material by the exterior or interior of a fossil shell or other organic structure
2
Q
Cast
A
Secondary rock or mineral material that fills a mold; a replica or reproduction of the external details of a fossil shell, skeleton, or other organic structure
3
Q
Permineralization
A
Involves the filling-in of pore and/or void spaces in shell or bone by secondary mineral matter in solution. Tiny pore spaces in the fossil are filled and the original skeletal material is still retained
4
Q
Petrification
A
Sometimes used as a synonym of permineralization. It is the process by which organic material is converted into rock or similar substance. Wood is the most well known
5
Q
Replacement
A
Occurs often by filling in (various minerals) of the void space after dissolution of original skeletal material. Sometimes occurs on a molecule by molecule basis
6
Q
Replacement: Pyritization
A
Original materials are replaced by pyrite
7
Q
Replacement: Silicification
A
Original materials are replaced by silica
8
Q
Carbonization
A
When volatile elements of organic matter are boiled away, leaving a carbon film. often characterized by dark/ black material
9
Q
Recrystallization
A
Solid-state transformation of a mineral to a new crystal form. The new crystals usually obscure the original fine structural detail.
10
Q
Impression
A
Essentially flat molds that develop in fine-grained sedimentary rocks and preserve a two-dimensional impression of an organism that no longer contains any of the original organic materials
11
Q
Amber
A
Hardened remain of ancient tree sap
12
Q
Pseudofossils
A
Natural objects that superficially resemble fossils but do not owe their origin to living organisms, past or present
13
Q
Mold
A
Identify the fossil preservation
14
Q
Cast
A
Identify the fossil preservation
15
Q
Petrification
A
Identify the fossil preservation
16
Q
Replacement
A
Identify the fossil preservation
17
Q
Silicification
A
Identify the fossil preservation
18
Q
Carbonization
A
Identify the fossil preservation
19
Q
Impression
A
Identify the fossil preservation
20
Q
Amber
A
Identify the fossil preservation
21
Q
Pseudofossils
A
Identify the fossil preservation
22
Q
Body fossils
A
Actual remains of an organism such as bones, teeth, shells, etc.
23
Q
Trace fossils
A
A fossil of a footprint, trail, burrow, or other trace of an animal rather than of the animal itself
24
Q
Principle of Original Horizontality
A
Sediments are deposited in layers that are horizontal or nearly so. Therefore, when strata are not horizontal, it can be assumed that they have been folded or tilted from their original orientation
25
Principle of Superposition
In any succession of sedimentary rock layers in their original horizontal position, the rocks at the bottom of the sequence are older than those lying above
26
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Sediments are deposited in layers that extend laterally in all directions until they either reach the edge of the basin in which they are deposited of thin out and terminate as a result insufficient sediment supply to reach the edge of the basin. A layer that ends abruptly in some other manner was offset by a fault, intruded by an igneous body, or has been partly removed by erosion
27
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relations
Faults, fractures, igneous intrusions, and erosional surfaces that cut across a given stratum or series of strata younger than the sedimentary layers that they intersect
28
Principle of Inclusions
Any inclusion in a rock is older that the rock containing it. Example of inclusions are grains in clastic rocks and xenoliths in igneous rocks
29
Principle of Fossil Succession
Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and recognizable older. Thus, the fossil content of a given sedimentary unit will be different from older and younger units and can be used to determine the unit's relative age. Also, strata with the same fossil assemblage are of the same age
30
Disconformity
interruption of the deposition of sediments
31
Angular Unconformity
Tilting or folding of previously deposited sedimentary beds is followed by their erosion along a more or less horizontal surface, which in turn is followed by renewed deposition that is not parallel to the older layers
32
Nonconformity
Deposition of sedimentary layers on top of an erosional surface formed on either igneous or metamorphic rocks.
33
Paraconformity
Interruption of the deposition of sedimentary layers by a period of non-deposition that doesn't involve erosion, followed by renewed deposition of parallel layers. The lack of erosional surface makes this type of unconformity more difficult to detect. One way to identify it is to examine the fossils present below and above for a gap in the species represented
34
Examples of trace fossils
trackways, trails, borings, and burrows
35
Transgression
Indicates a sea level rise, produces a vertical sequence of facies representing progressively deeper water environments
36
Regression
Indicates a sea level drop, produces a sequence of facies representing progressively shallower water environments
37
Walther's Law
States that changes in facies usually reflect the migration of one depositional setting over a neighboring setting
38
Lithostratigraphy
the correlation of beds based on facies and composition
39
Chronostratigraphy
the correlation of beds based on their relative or absolute age
40
Biostratigraphy
the fossil content of rocks for correlation and formed the original basis for chronostratigraphy, because fossil lineages and communities changed over time
41
Sequence Stratigraphy
correlates not only beds, but also unconformities formed by periods of nondeposition and erosion
42
coarse sediments at the bottom---> fine sediments
transgression
43
fine sediments--->coarse sediments
regression
44
Maximum Transgression
where the sea level was the highest so the deepest rocks are furthest inland ex- limestone (coarsest material)
45
Maximum Regression
where the sea level was the lowest so the coarsest rocks were furthest seaward. Finest material on a strat column= ex sandstone
46
transgression
Identify whether there is a transgression or regression occurring
47
regression
Identify whether there is a transgression or regression occurring
48
Receptaculitids
also called sponges, most abundant in the Ordovician
49
Bryozoans
important reef builders in the Ordovician, filter-feeding colonial organisms, individual zooids comprise the colony
50
Stromatoporoids
important reef builders in the Silurian and Devonian, among the most controversial fossil organisms (people don't know how to classify them)
51
Rugose Corals
also called horn coral, important part of communities in the middle Ordovician to the Permian
52
What are the big differences between Rugose and Scleractinian corals
rugose corals have a calcite skeleton and are bilaterally symmetric while scleractinian corals have an aragonite skeleton and are radially symmetric
53
Hexactinellid Sponges
form extensive reef-like accumulations in the latest Devonian
54
Graptolites
important Paleozoic fossil, resemble thin saw blades
55
Nautiloid Cephalopod
main predator of the Ordovician Cincinnatian Sea, many have straight shells made of aragonite
56
Ferns
important part of Carboniferous coal forest flora, have modern versions today
57
What is a difference between ammonoids and nautiloids
Nautiloids have a straight suture line while ammonoids have three different suture types. amminoids have small squiggly lines all over them while nautiloids have straight growth lines
58
Mineral that comprise an echinoderms "hard parts"
calcite
59
Feeding habits of Crinoids and other stalked echinoderms
filter feeders
60
Feeding habits of sand dollars and sea cucumbers
herbivores, spines help collect food into their mouths
61
Feeding habits of starfish
swallow prey whole, evert entire stomach
62
Foraminifera
Identify the microfossil, made of calcite
63
Diatoms
Identify the microfossil, made of silica
64
What is the difference in minerology between diatoms and foraminifera?
foraminifera is calcite while diatoms are silica
65
Hinge
region where the two valves attach, which will be indicated in the shell by a ligament attachment area on the outside of the shell. The ligaments are like springs
66
Umbo and Beak
represent the tip of the shell, by the hinge and the region rising from the tip
67
Byssus
thread-like structures that anchor the animal to the sediment
68
Adductor muscles
used to close the shell
69
Muscle scars
where the muscles connect to the interior of the shell
70
Growth lines
reflect the accretionary growth of the clam
71
Pallial line
scar along the inside of the shell that is formed by the edge of the mantle. Larger pallial line indicates burrowing
72
Pallial sinus
indentation into the pallial line, indicates retractable siphons
73
How is a pallial sinus a good indicator of burrowing?
the deeper the indentation (pallial sinus), the deeper the bivalve burrows
74
What part of the shell is the oldest?
beak and umbo
75
Characteristics of shallow burrowers
small pallial sinus, moderately thick valves
76
Characteristics of deep burrowers
large pallial sinus, thin light-weight valves with little ornamentation
77
Epifaunal and bysally attached
opening for emergence of the byssal threads
78
Characteristics of cemented bivalves
often preserved cemented in place, shell with strong asymmetry and attachment scar
79
Characteristics of free-lying bivalves
straight pallial line, thick, heavy values, often ornamented to deter predators
80
Characteristics of swimming bivalves
shell like a scallop, attempting bilateral symmetry but deviating from it along the hinge
81
Characteristics of boring/cavity dwelling bivalves
shells often elongate and cylindrical and very thin, sometimes with modified spines to aid excavation
82
Scleractinian coral age
middle triassic to recent
83
Crinoid age
cambrian to recent
84
Articulate brachiopod age
late cambrian to recent
85
stromatoporoid age
cambrian to end cretaceous
86
rugose coral age
middle ordovician to permian
87
bryozoan age
middle ordovician to recent
88
hexactinellid sponge age
cambrian to recent
89
nautiloid age
late cambrian to recent
90
Four groups of echinoderms
echinozoa, asterozoa, crinozoa, and holothurians
91
Crinoids
Identify the echinoderm
92
sand dollar
Identify the echinoderm
93
sea urchin
Identify the echinoderm
94
sea star
Identify the echinoderm
95
Rugose coral
Identify the echinoderm
96
Tabulate coral
Identify the echinoderm
97
Scleractinian corals
Identify the echinoderm
98
mesozoic marine predators
1. turtles
99
2. sea stars
100
3. ammonoids
101
4. plesiosaurs
102
5. sharks
103
mesozoic turtle diet
algae/crabs
104
mesozoic sea star diet
swallow prey whole
105
mesozoic ammonoid diet
smaller prey
106
mesozoic plesiosaur diet
swallow schools of krill
107
mesozoic shark diet
crab fish, crustaceans, molluscs
108
placoderm
cartilaginous fish that had bony plates comprising armored head shields
109
What factors make fossilization more probable
rapid burial, anoxic environment, hard parts
110
siliciclastic rocks
sedimentary rocks composed of clasts of silicate minerals
111
carbonate rocks
A carbon-rich rock, such as limestone, that forms underwater from chemical reactions between sediments and carbon dioxide. On Earth, most of the outgassed carbon dioxide currently resides in carbonate rocks.
112
chemically precipitates rocsk generally form in
warm shallow marine settings
113
rocks containing coarser grains such as conglomerates, breccias, and sandstones are typical of
higher energy environments or processes including wave activity
114
rocks containing finer grained materials such as shales and siltstones are typical of
lower energy environments
115
thick vs thin shelled fossils
thick in high energy, thin in low energy environments
116
Swamps and lakes
generally low energy, plant matter forms coal
117
nearshore settings
waves and tides creating high energy, variety of different settings
118
tidal flats
flat, marshy, sandy or muddy areas exposed at low tide and under water at high tide. low energy, low slope, often produces mudcracks, evaporites such as gypsum and halite
119
Lagoons
a stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef. low energy but typically disturbed by storms, limestones and shales may form
120
bars and shoals
barriers from offshore at depth where normal swell waves break against the shelf creating a high energy environment. can become wave resistant and form barriers similar to reefs
121
Shelf Settings
medium energy that accumulates large amounts of sediment, erosion more common than deposition
122
deep slope and marine basin
below storm wave base, fine grain rocks are abundant, below photic zone there is no live plankton to replenish oxygen used by other organisms. anoxic water layers may form
123
laminations
thin, flat lying horizontal beds found in fine grained sediments through air or calm water conditions (deep water)
124
what factors make fossilization more likely to occur?
- if they have hard parts
125
- rapid burial in fine grained sediment or without scavenging
126
-no transportation or disarticulation or chemical alteration
127
Brachiopods
superficially resemble clams and other hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams. most found closed upon death. sometimes pyritized (replacement)
128
"inarticulate" vs. "articulate" brachiopods
Articulate brachiopods have a hinge-like connection or articulation between the shells, and are fixed directly to a hard substrate by the pedicle
129
Inarticulate brachiopods are not hinged and are held together entirely by musculature
130
Articulate brachiopods have toothed hinges and simple, vertically-oriented opening and closing muscles, while inarticulate brachiopods have weak, untoothed hinges and a more complex system of vertical and oblique (diagonal) muscles used to keep the two valves aligned
131
Bivalves
have a hinged, two-part shell and include clams, oysters, and scallops., often found opened due to disarticulation, reflectional symmetry of two halves
132
Cephalopods - mesozoic
A member of a group of molluscs that include squids and octopus. include amminoids and nautiloids
133
Crinoids
sea lilies and feather stars, part of echinoderm family, filter feeders fluorished in paleozoic and mesozoic
134
Gastropods
snails and slugs dominated paleozoic, use their radula to scrape and shred food like plants, animals, debris, detritus
135
Stromatolites
Layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that bind thin films of sediment together.
136
Trilobites
A common animal that lived in Earth's oceans during the Paleozoic Era. They are most closely related to the modern Horseshoe Crab.
137
parts of a trilobite including lobes
center most = axial lobe, outer two sides are pleural lobes. From front to back = cephalon, thorax, pygidium
138
Placoderms
A member of an extinct group of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough outer armor.
139
Dinasaur Teeth types
Carnivores have very defined canine teeth for tearing at meat, combined with a sometimes limited number of molars. Herbivores have teeth that are highly specialized for eating plants.Their teeth are shaped to squash and grind plants so they are wider and flatter. Carnivores have teeth which are shaped to slice and rip the meat they eat so they are thinner and more pointed
140
What body parts of vertebrates are most often fossilized?
bones and teeth, large bones like limbs
141
How do extinctions affect available niches in an ecosystem?
The amount of available niches often increases, allowing for adaptive radiation and diversification of surviving lineages.
142
epifaunal vs. infaunal
epifaunal: animals on top of sea level
143
infaunal: buried under sea level (ex: clams)
144
success factors of a population during an extinction event
-larger population size
145
-high genetic diversity
146
-higher geographic range
147
-many different food types
148
-less specific ecological niches
149
-high reproduction rate
150
-high probability of adaptation
