Untitled Deck

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Biology SOL Vocabulary - Scientific Investigation

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Vocabulary

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Definition

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Observation

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Something that can be SENSED (seen/touched/heard etc.)

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Qualitative

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Observations that describe qualities or characteristics (e.g.

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color

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Quantitative

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Observations that involve NUMBERS or measurements (e.g.

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length

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Inference

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A logical interpretation or explanation of what might be happening.

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Hypothesis

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A testable and falsifiable statement that proposes a possible explanation for a phenomenon or a relationship between variables. Often in an “if…then…” format.

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Prediction

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A statement that forecasts what will happen in a specific situation if the hypothesis is supported. It is a specific

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measurable outcome expected in an experiment.

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Independent Variable

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The variable that is intentionally changed or manipulated by the researcher in an experiment. It is the presumed cause.

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Dependent Variable

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The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable. It is the presumed effect.

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Control Group

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A group in an experiment that serves as a baseline for comparison.

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Experimental Group

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Any group in an experiment that receives the experimental treatment or manipulation (the independent variable is applied).

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Constants

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Factors in an experiment that are kept the same for all groups to ensure that only the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable.

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Data

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Facts

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figures

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Analysis

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The process of examining and interpreting data to identify patterns

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trends

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Conclusion

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A summary of the findings of an investigation

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stating whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted and providing evidence from the data.

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Theory

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An explanation of some aspect of the natural world based on lots of evidence. Can be changed based on new findings.

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Law (Scientific Law)

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A descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions. Laws are often mathematical and describe what happens

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but not necessarily why.

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Scientific Method

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A systematic approach to scientific inquiry that typically involves observation

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asking questions

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Replication

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The process of repeating an experiment multiple times to ensure the results are consistent and reliable.

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Repetition

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Conducting multiple trials within a single experiment to increase the reliability of the data.

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Bias

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A tendency to favor a particular outcome or interpretation

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which can affect the design

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Validity

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The extent to which an investigation measures what it is supposed to measure and the results accurately reflect the phenomenon being studied.

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Reliability

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The consistency and repeatability of experimental results. A reliable experiment produces similar results when repeated under the same conditions.