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Untitled Deck Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

How do tolerance doses change as treatment volume increases?

A

Tolerance doses decrease as treatment volume increases.

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3
Q

What is the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Coronal plane.

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4
Q

What are the etiological factors associated with anal canal cancer?

A

Human Papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, chronic irritation, and immunosuppression (HIV/AIDS).

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5
Q

What should a patient presenting with unilateral hearing loss and an enlarged cervical lymph node be evaluated for?

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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6
Q

What type of shock is caused by sepsis, deep anesthesia, or administration of contrast media?

A

Vasogenic shock (or distributive shock).

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7
Q

What is the purpose of an excisional biopsy?

A

Completely remove the lesion for diagnostic evaluation.

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8
Q

What is the interaction between an incident photon and an inner-shell electron that transfers all the energy?

A

Photoelectric effect.

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9
Q

How much shorter is the spinal cord compared to the vertebral column?

A

The spinal cord is about 25 cm shorter than the vertebral column, usually ending near the level of L1–L2 vertebral level.

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10
Q

If a field needs to be shifted 1 cm posteriorly, how should the table be moved?

A

1 cm anteriorly.

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11
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A condition in which the patient has a reduced number of platelets.

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12
Q

Which organization establishes suggested dose limits for safe practices within the industry?

A

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP).

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13
Q

What directional terms orient a transverse slice?

A

Anterior, posterior, right, and left.

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14
Q

Why does the intensity of a photon beam decrease rapidly with increasing distance?

A

Because of the Inverse Square Law.

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15
Q

Which is the most radiosensitive stage of gestation?

A

First trimester (organogenesis).

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16
Q

If a patient receives a total dose of 5 Gy using a field size of 8 cm x 13 cm, what is the equivalent square?

A

Equivalent square = (2 x width x length) / (width + length) = (2 x 8 x 13) / (8 + 13) = 208/21 ≈ 9.9 cm.

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17
Q

What is the most common method for sterilization?

A

Steam sterilization (autoclaving).

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18
Q

What does a patient presenting with petechiae have signs of?

A

Bleeding disorder (thrombocytopenia).

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19
Q

What is a pituitary adenoma?

A

A benign tumor of the pituitary gland.

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20
Q

How much margin should esophageal radiation field margins include above and below the tumor?

A

5 cm to account for nodal spread.

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21
Q

How is tumor grade determined?

A

By microscopic examination of tumor differentiation.

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22
Q

How are well-differentiated tumors characterized?

A

They are generally less aggressive and have a better prognosis.

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23
Q

How would medication prescribed to be taken four times a day be marked?

A

QID (quater in die).

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24
Q

Forced shallow breathing can be accomplished with the ________ technique.

A

Panting

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25
Cerrobend blocks are made from all of the following materials, except for:
Aluminum
26
1 J/kg is equal to:
1 Gray (Gy)
27
Intrathecal drug injections are administered through:
The spinal canal (subarachnoid space)
28
Myelopathy is a result of which part of the body receiving more than its tolerance dose?
Spinal cord
29
As the field size increases, the percentage depth dose curve (PDD):
Increases
30
Percentage depth dose curve (PDD) is dependent on all of the following factors except for:
Dose rate
31
Supraclavicular lymph nodes are treated to what depth?
3 cm
32
Which of the following cell types is the most radiosensitive?
Lymphocytes
33
A ________ can be used to compensate for an irregular skin surface.
Bolus
34
Which of the following is not part of the oral cavity?
Nasopharynx
35
What is the most common breast cancer diagnosis?
Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)
36
The most common histology for cancer of the brain is:
Gliomas (particularly Astrocytoma)
37
Ipsilateral means:
On the same side
38
What is the Tolerance Dose for 5% risk at 5 years (TD 5/5) for the whole liver?
30 Gy
39
Duke's staging is used for staging ______ cancer.
Colorectal
40
The IMRT x-ray output consistency should be checked on a(n) ________ basis.
Daily
41
What is the single most effective way of preventing the spread of infection?
Hand washing
42
Permanent azoospermia may occur in men being treated for testicular cancer after what dose?
2 Gy
43
Hounsfield units measure:
Electron density of tissues (radiodensity)
44
After total body exposure to radiation, the time when the patient has no symptoms is referred to as:
Latent period
45
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is what type of chemotherapy?
Antimetabolite
46
47
What is the Tolerance Dose for 5% risk at 5 years (TD 5/5) for one third of the brain?
60 Gy
48
Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of:
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
49
A QA level 1 action item would require:
Immediate action or corrective measures before patient treatment continues
50
The treatment area that includes the gross palpable tumor and surrounding volume of tissue containing microscopic disease is:
Clinical Target Volume (CTV)
51
What are the energy values for Cobalt-60 decay?
1.17 and 1.33 MeV (average ~1.25 MeV)
52
If the hinge angle of two radiation beams is 150 degrees, what should the wedge angle be?
Wedge angle = 15° ## Footnote Wedge angle = 90° - (hinge angle / 2) = 90° - (150°/2) = 90° - 75° = 15°
53
Once women declare pregnancy, the NCRP limits radiation exposure to the embryo or fetus to:
5 mSv (0.5 rem) for the entire gestational period
54
What is the Tolerance Dose for 5% risk at 5 years (TD 5/5) for the kidney?
23 Gy
55
A patient presents with a diastolic blood pressure below normal. The reading for this patient would be:
Less than 60 mmHg
56
The radiation protection Quality Factor for x-rays is:
1
57
To determine the depth of the spinal cord from the posterior surface of the body, what is the actual depth of the cord?
Actual depth = 9.9 cm ## Footnote Actual depth = 12 cm - (9.1 cm - 7 cm) = 12 cm - 2.1 cm = 9.9 cm
58
What is the most common type of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma (urothelial carcinoma)
59
A treatment prescription must contain all of the following except for:
Billing code
60
Prophylactic cranial irradiation is indicated for which primary diagnosis?
Small cell lung carcinoma
61
According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, T1b glottic cancer involves:
One or both vocal cords with normal mobility
62
215 monitor units (MU) will be delivered during a 315-degree arc. How many MUs per degree will be delivered?
Approximately 0.68 MU/degree ## Footnote 215 MU ÷ 315° ≈ 0.68 MU/degree
63
________ are drugs used to reduce cerebral edema.
Corticosteroids (e.g., Dexamethasone)
64
The Internal Treatment Volume (ITV) includes which of the following?
Clinical Target Volume (CTV) plus internal margin accounting for internal movement (e.g., breathing)
65
If an orthogonal pair is taken with the first angle at 215 degrees, what would the second angle be?
305 degrees
66
When a patient is treated with a source to axis distance (SAD) at a depth of 12 cm, what would the source to surface distance (SSD) be?
SSD = 88 cm ## Footnote SSD = SAD - depth = 100 cm - 12 cm = 88 cm
67
Personal protective equipment should be worn when:
There is a potential exposure to blood, body fluids, or other infectious materials
68
Which of the following is NOT used to identify patients for treatment?
Room number

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