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Untitled Deck Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma.

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2
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen using haemoglobin.

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3
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Defend against infection (e.g., lymphocytes, neutrophils).

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4
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Help with blood clotting.

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5
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transports nutrients, hormones, waste, and heat.

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6
Q

What are the main blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries.

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7
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Pumps blood throughout the body.

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8
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Sequence of systole and diastole for one heartbeat.

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9
Q

What is the SA node?

A

Sinoatrial node; acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker.

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10
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Fluid derived from plasma that bathes tissues and cells.

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11
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Returns fluid to blood and supports immunity.

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12
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure, can lead to heart disease and stroke.

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13
Q

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries reducing blood to heart.

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14
Q

How is CHD monitored?

A

Blood pressure checks, ECG, cholesterol tests.

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15
Q

How is CHD treated?

A

Lifestyle changes, statins, beta blockers, bypass surgery.

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16
Q

What care is needed for CHD?

A

Support for lifestyle change, medication management, cardiac rehab.

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17
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm.

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18
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Diaphragm contracts, ribs rise, lungs expand, air flows in.

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19
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

Diaphragm relaxes, ribs fall, air is pushed out.

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20
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

Oxygen into blood, CO2 out, occurs in alveoli.

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21
Q

What are features of alveoli?

A

Thin walls, moist, large surface area, rich blood supply.

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22
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> energy + CO2 + water.

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23
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose -> energy + lactic acid (no oxygen).

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24
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammation of airways; causes wheezing, breathlessness.

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25
What is emphysema?
Damage to alveoli, reducing gas exchange efficiency.
26
How is asthma treated?
Inhalers (relievers and preventers), lifestyle adjustments.
27
How is asthma monitored?
Peak flow meter, symptom diary.
28
What care is needed for asthma?
Education on inhaler use, trigger management, emergency plan.
29
How is emphysema monitored?
Spirometry, chest X-rays.
30
How is emphysema treated?
Inhalers, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehab.
31
What care is needed for emphysema?
Smoking cessation support, physical activity, oxygen use guidance.
32
What are the organs of the digestive system?
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small/large intestines, rectum.
33
What is mechanical digestion?
Physical breakdown of food (e.g., chewing, stomach churning).
34
What is chemical digestion?
Enzymatic breakdown of food into smaller molecules.
35
What enzymes digest carbohydrates?
Amylase and maltase.
36
What enzymes digest proteins?
Pepsin and trypsin.
37
What enzymes digest fats?
Lipase.
38
What does bile do?
Emulsifies fats; produced by liver, stored in gallbladder.
39
What is absorption?
Nutrients pass through villi into the bloodstream.
40
What is peristalsis?
Wavelike muscular contractions moving food through gut.
41
What is coeliac disease?
Autoimmune reaction to gluten damaging small intestine lining.
42
What are gallstones?
Solid deposits in gallbladder causing pain and blockages.
43
What is IBS?
Irritable bowel syndrome; causes abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
44
How is coeliac monitored?
Blood tests, endoscopy, symptom tracking.
45
How is coeliac treated?
Gluten-free diet.
46
What care is needed for coeliac?
Dietary planning, education, symptom support.
47
How are gallstones monitored?
Ultrasound, blood tests for liver function.
48
How are gallstones treated?
Surgery (cholecystectomy), pain relief.
49
What care is needed for gallstones?
Post-op care, dietary advice.
50
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage.
51
What are the types of bone?
Compact and spongy (cancellous).
52
What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet.
53
What is a synovial joint?
Freely movable joint with synovial fluid.
54
What is cartilage?
Smooth tissue that covers bone ends in joints.
55
What are ligaments?
Connect bone to bone.
56
What are tendons?
Connect muscle to bone.
57
What are the types of muscle?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
58
What is osteoporosis?
Reduced bone density; bones become brittle.
59
What is arthritis?
Inflammation of joints; types include osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
60
How is osteoporosis monitored?
DEXA scans, bone density tests.
61
How is osteoporosis treated?
Calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, weight-bearing exercise.
62
What care is needed for osteoporosis?
Fall prevention, home adaptation, nutrition support.
63
How is arthritis monitored?
X-rays, blood tests (for RA), symptom assessments.
64
How is arthritis treated?
Pain relief, physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory meds, joint replacement.
65
What care is needed for arthritis?
Mobility support, joint protection techniques, assistive devices.
66
What are the two main parts of the nervous system?
Central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS).
67
What does the CNS include?
Brain and spinal cord.
68
What are the types of neurons?
Sensory, motor, and relay neurons.
69
What is the function of a sensory neuron?
Carries impulses from receptors to the CNS.
70
What is a synapse?
Junction where nerve impulses pass using neurotransmitters.
71
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Voluntary actions, thinking, memory, emotions.
72
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Balance and coordination.
73
What is a stroke?
Blood flow to the brain is interrupted causing damage.
74
What is multiple sclerosis?
Immune system attacks the myelin sheath of neurons.
75
How is stroke monitored?
CT/MRI scans, BP checks, neurological exams.
76
How is stroke treated?
Clot-busting drugs, surgery, rehab therapies.
77
What care is needed for stroke?
Speech therapy, physiotherapy, care plans.
78
How is MS monitored?
MRI scans, neurological exams, symptom tracking.
79
How is MS treated?
Steroids, immunotherapy, physiotherapy.
80
What care is needed for MS?
Mobility aids, emotional support, fatigue management.
81
What is the endocrine system?
Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
82
What is insulin?
Hormone from pancreas that lowers blood glucose.
83
What is adrenaline?
Hormone from adrenal glands for fight or flight response.
84
What is diabetes?
Disorder where insulin production or response is impaired.
85
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining internal balance (e.g., temperature, glucose levels).
86
What is lymph?
Clear fluid from tissues containing white blood cells.
87
What are lymph nodes?
Filter lymph and trap pathogens.
88
What is the spleen's function?
Filters blood, stores white blood cells.
89
What is lymphoedema?
Swelling due to poor lymph drainage.
90
How does the immune system protect the body?
Using white blood cells and antibodies to fight pathogens.
91
What are the parts of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
92
What is the function of the kidneys?
Filter blood, remove waste, regulate fluids and electrolytes.
93
What is a nephron?
Functional unit of the kidney for filtering blood.
94
What is dialysis?
Artificial filtering of blood for kidney failure patients.
95
What is a UTI?
Urinary tract infection; symptoms include pain and frequent urination.
96
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Gradual loss of kidney function over time.
97
How is CKD monitored?
Blood tests (eGFR), urine tests, BP monitoring.
98
How is CKD treated?
Diet control, dialysis, kidney transplant.
99
What care is needed for CKD?
Dialysis support, transplant follow-up, fluid restriction.
100
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Bacterial infection of the urinary tract.
101
How is UTI monitored?
Urine tests, symptom review.
102
How is UTI treated?
Antibiotics, hydration.
103
What care is needed for UTI?
Hygiene advice, fluid intake, monitoring recurrence.
104
What is the function of the eye?
Receives light and sends signals to the brain via the optic nerve.
105
What is the function of the ear?
Detects sound and maintains balance.
106
What causes glaucoma?
Increased intraocular pressure damaging the optic nerve.
107
What is cataract?
Clouding of the lens reducing vision clarity.
108
What causes deafness?
Damage to ear structures, infection, or loud noise exposure.

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