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PSY 201 Final > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Developmental Milestones

A

-Children achieve developmental milestones in a SIMILAR ORDER across cultures, but at DIFFERENT PACES
-CULTURE MUST BE CONSIDERED when studying human development (no universal pattern without it)

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2
Q

Infant preferences

A

Preferential-looking technique
Strange-situation test
Visual Acuity Tests

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3
Q

Preferential-Looking Technique

A

Researchers assess infant preferences by showing two objects and seeing which one the infant looks at longer

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4
Q

Strange-Situation Test

A

Assesses attachment, not preferences

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5
Q

Visual Acuity Tests

A

Measure vision sharpness, not preference

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6
Q

Social Brain Hypothesis

A

Primates evolved LARGE PREFRONTA CORTICES to manage complex social relationships

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7
Q

Important Social Principals

A

Reciprocity
Transitivity

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8
Q

Reciprocity

A

If you help someone, they’re likely to help you

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9
Q

Transitivity

A

If your friend likes someone, you’re likely to like them too

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10
Q

Ingroup Vs. Outgroup

A

Ingroup
Outgroup

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11
Q

Ingroup

A

group you belong to; your profession, family, major

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12
Q

Outgroup

A

any group you’re not part of; elderly in another city, a different college

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13
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

A

tendency to see members of outgroups as “ALL THE SAME”, while seeing members of your ingroup as diverse

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14
Q

Minimal group paradigm

A

even RANDOMLY ASSIGNED GROUPS show INGROUP FAVORITISM

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15
Q

Deindividuation

A

loss of individuality in groups -> people may do things they wouldn’t do alone; rioting

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16
Q

Groupthink

A

group members suppress doubts to maintain harmony, leading to poor decisions; falsifying research results

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17
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting behavior to match group expectations; saying you like dancing because others do

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18
Q

Social Norms

A

Expected rules and standards of behavior within a group or society

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19
Q

Biological Factors

A

MAOA GENE
PAIN AND TEMPERATURE

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20
Q

MAOA Gene

A

Associated with regulation of aggressive behavior

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21
Q

Pain and Temperature

A

Can increase aggression

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22
Q

Cultural Factors

A

CULTURE OF HONOR

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23
Q

Culture of Honor

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A

(Southern U.S.) Most likely to respond aggressively to insults

24
Q

Contact Hypothesis

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A
  • just BRINGING GROUPS TOGETHER ISN’T ENOUGH– successful integration requires COOPERATION ON COMMON GOALS
25
Reciprocal Helping
Helping others increases the likelihood they will help you in the future, boosting SURVIVAL CHANCES
26
Bystander effect
THE MORE BYSTANDERS THERE ARE, THE LESS LIKELY SOMEONE IS TO HELP
27
Door-in-the-face technique
ask for a big favor first (likely to be rejected), then a smaller one (more likely to be accepted out of reciprocity)
28
Personality
Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
29
Temperament vs. Personality
Temperament Personality
30
Temperament
Innate, biological tendencies seen in infancy
31
Personality
broader patterns that develop with age and experience
32
genetic contributions
Personality traits are 40-60% heritable IDENTICAL TWINS show more personality similarity than FRATERNAL TWINS, even when raised apart
33
Five-factor theory (Big five personality traits)
Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
34
Biological Systems
BAS (Behavioral Approach System) BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System)
35
BAS (Behavioral Approach System)
Sensitivity to rewards (more active in introverts)
36
BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System)
Sensitivity to punishment (more active in introverts)
37
Humanistic Theories
Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Approach
38
Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Approach
Unconditional positive regard leads to healthier personality development Focus on SELF-ACTUALIZATION
39
Self-Actualization
Maximizing personal growth and self-understanding
40
Rotter's Locus of Control
Internal: Belief you control your fate External: Fate determined by external forces
41
Reciprocal Determinism
Personality is influenced by environment, personal factors, and behavior all interacting
42
Three Components of Emotion
Physical Changes (arousal, heart rate) Cognitive appraisals (interpretations) Subjective experiences ("I feel happy")
43
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
44
James-Lange Theory
Physical Response -> Emotion ("I'm afraid because I'm shaking")
45
Cannon-Bard Theory
Physical and emotional reactions occur simultaneously
46
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
Arousal + Cognitive label = emotion
47
Polygraph Tests
Measure heart rate and breathing but are unreliable because arousal does not equal lying
48
Facial feedback hypothesis
smiling can actually make you feel happier
49
Display rules
Culturally learned norms for emotional expression (different across cultures)
50
Motivation
Drives behavior toward goals; can be energizing, directive, persistent, and varied in strength
51
Psychopathy Criteria
Deviates from cultural norms Maladaptive (interferes with life) Personally distressing
52
Comorbidity
Co-occurrence of two or more disorders
53
Diathesis-stress model
Psychological disorders arise from a vulnerability (diathesis) triggered by stressful life events
54
Internalizing Disorders
Depression, anxiety-- more common in women
55
Externalizing Disorders
Substance abuse, antisocial behavior-- more common in men
56
Learned Helplessness and depression
Depressed individuals feel they have no control over negative outcomes

PSY 201 Final (1 decks)

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