Untitled Deck Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are the three types of chemical bonding?
Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.
How do electrons behave in ionic vs covalent bonds?
In ionic bonds, electrons are transferred; in covalent bonds, electrons are shared.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
High melting/boiling points, conduct electricity in molten/solution form, form crystals.
What are alloys, and why are they useful?
Alloys are mixtures of metals or metals with non-metals; they are stronger and more resistant to corrosion.
How do you write the chemical formula for sodium chloride?
NaCl (1 sodium ion + 1 chloride ion).
What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; total mass of reactants = total mass of products.
What is the difference between an element, compound, and mixture?
Element: one type of atom. Compound: atoms chemically combined. Mixture: substances physically combined.
What is a stimulus and what is a response?
Stimulus is a change in the environment; response is the reaction to that change.
Give two examples of plant responses to stimuli.
Phototropism (toward light), geotropism (roots grow downward due to gravity).
What’s the difference between reflex and learned behavior?
Reflex is automatic and immediate; learned behavior is acquired through experience.
Name and explain one type of interaction between two organisms.
Mutualism – both species benefit (e.g., bees and flowers).
What happens during dispersion of light?
White light is split into its 7 colors (spectrum) when passing through a prism.
What are abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem?
Abiotic: non-living factors (light, temperature). Biotic: living organisms (plants, animals).
What is the formula for moment of force?
Moment = Force × Distance from pivot.
What are the two main types of forces?
Contact forces and non-contact forces.
Give one real-life example of each: lever, pulley, wedge.
Lever – seesaw; Pulley – flagpole; Wedge – axe.
What is a simple machine and how does it help us?
A device that makes work easier by reducing the effort needed to move a load.
What’s the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves?
Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to wave direction (e.g., sound); transverse waves vibrate perpendicular (e.g., light).
Define amplitude, frequency, and wavelength.
Amplitude: Height of wave from rest.
Frequency: Waves per second (Hz).
Wavelength: Distance between two crests or compressions.
How does pitch relate to frequency?
Higher frequency = higher pitch; lower frequency = lower pitch.
What is the function of the cochlea in the ear?
Converts vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
What are the laws of reflection?
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection; incident ray, normal, and reflected ray lie in the same plane.
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection; incident ray, normal, and reflected ray lie in the same plane.
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection; incident ray, normal, and reflected ray lie in the same plane.
What is lateral inversion in a plane mirror?
Left and right are reversed in the mirror image.
