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L3 Bio Plant and Animal responsed > Untitled Deck > Flashcards

Untitled Deck Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

What is Adaptive Advantage?

A

The benefit an organism gets from having a certain trait/behavior.

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2
Q

What is agonistic behavior?

A

A type of behavior involving a contest of some kind that determines which competitor gains access to some resource, such as food or mates.

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3
Q

What is aggressive mimicry?

A

When a predator mimics a harmless or desirable species.

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4
Q

What are altricial young?

A

Young animals born with eyes closed and minimal locomotor abilities.

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5
Q

What is altruism?

A

An organism protecting an unrelated organism at the cost of itself.

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6
Q

What is aposematism?

A

Bright colors/patterns used on prey as a warning that they are unpalatable.

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7
Q

Are herbivores predators?

A

No.

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8
Q

What is autonomy?

A

Shedding a part of the body in order to escape predators.

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9
Q

What is auxin?

A

The hormone in plants that is responsible for inhibiting or stimulating cell elongation.

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10
Q

What is Batesian mimicry?

A

Harmless species mimic an unpalatable or harmful species.

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11
Q

What is behavioral defense?

A

Behaving in ways that minimize risk from predation.

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12
Q

What is camouflage?

A

An adaptation that allows an organism to blend in with its environment.

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13
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

A biorhythm that has a period of 24 hours.

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14
Q

What is circalunar rhythm?

A

A biorhythm that has a period of 28-29 days.

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15
Q

What is circannual rhythm?

A

A biorhythm that has a period of one year.

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16
Q

What is circatidal rhythm?

A

A biorhythm that has a period of 12.4 hours.

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17
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

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18
Q

What is competition?

A

When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources.

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19
Q

What are the cons of interspecific competition?

A
  • Higher mortality rate
  • Increased aggression
  • Increased physical stress
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20
Q

What does crepuscular mean?

A

Active at dawn and dusk.

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21
Q

What is critical day length?

A

The specific duration of daylight that triggers plants to bloom.

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22
Q

What does diurnal mean?

A

Active during the day.

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23
Q

What is endogenous rhythm?

A

A biorhythm that is driven by an internal ‘clock’, does not require any environmental cues.

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24
Q

What is entrainment?

A

The resetting of a biological clock using a Zeitgeber.

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25
What is eusocialism?
Living in a cooperative group in which usually one female and several males are reproductively active and the nonbreeding individuals care for the young or protect and provide for the group.
26
What is exogenous rhythm?
A biorhythm that is driven by external cues; if the cue isn't present, the rhythm won't happen.
27
What is exploitation?
An organism taking advantage of another organism for its survival.
28
What are external cues to migrate?
Temperature, change in day length, food scarcity.
29
What are the features of innate behaviors?
Heritable, intrinsic, stereotypic, inflexible.
30
What are the features of learned behavior?
Non-inheritable, extrinsic, adaptable, progressive.
31
What is free-running period?
The time it takes for a rhythm to repeat itself in constant conditions.
32
What is fundamental niche?
The range of conditions an organism is able to tolerate.
33
What is Gause's principle?
States that no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.
34
What are herbivores?
Organisms that consume parts of other organisms (plants).
35
What is home range?
The area surrounding a territory that an animal will occupy, but not defend.
36
How are long day plants triggered to bloom?
Nights are short, so there is no time for Pfr to convert to Pr. Means there is a high concentration of Pfr, which triggers it to bloom.
37
How are short day plants triggered to bloom?
Nights are long, so Pfr has time to convert to Pr. Means there are low concentrations of Pfr, which triggers it to bloom.
38
What is innate behavior?
A behavior that is genetically encoded and cannot change.
39
What are internal cues to migrate?
Biological clock, hormones, fat stores.
40
What is interspecific competition?
Competition between members of different species.
41
What is intraspecific competition?
Competition between members of the same species.
42
What is K strategy?
An animal that has few offspring, but puts lots of energy into raising them.
43
What is kin selection?
An organism protecting a related organism (child) at the cost of itself.
44
What is kinesis?
A change in rate of movement in response to a non-directional stimulus.
45
What is learned behavior?
A behavior that is not genetically encoded, but is learned from experience or observation.
46
What is linear dominance hierarchy?
Where one organism is directly 'above' another; higher rankings get better access to food and mates.
47
What are Long Day Plants (LDP)?
A plant that requires days longer than the critical day length (short nights) in order to flower.
48
What is monogamy?
Marriage to one mate.
49
What is morphological defense?
Physical features that help an animal defend itself against predators.
50
What is Müllerian mimicry?
A mutual mimicry by two species, both of which are poisonous or otherwise harmful to a predator.
51
What is mutualism?
A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
52
What is nastic response?
A non-directional, reversible response to a stimulus (plants).
53
What is a niche?
The total tolerance range of a species to all of the abiotic factors.
54
What does nocturnal mean?
Active at night.
55
What is optimum tolerance?
The range of an abiotic factor that an organism can tolerate.
56
What is parasitism?
A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and in doing so the other is harmed.
57
What is phase shift?
The amount of time a biorhythm shifts forwards/backward each day in constant conditions.
58
What is photoperiod?
The amount of time in a 24 hour period where it is light.
59
What is photoperiodism?
The ability of a plant to use the photoperiod to trigger flowering.
60
What is polyandry?
One female, several males.
61
What is polygynandry?
Multiple males, multiple females.
62
What is polygyny?
One male, several females.
63
What are precocial young?
Young born in an advanced state, with eyes open.
64
What is a predation strategy: belonging to groups?
More members to help hunt, so increased food intake.
65
What is a predation strategy: snares?
Parts of the body that help entice prey, so that the predator can trap them.
66
What are predators?
Organisms that hunt and kill other organisms called prey.
67
What is a prey strategy: living in a group?
Increased vigilance, increased defenses, confusion effect, concealment of young.
68
What is a prey strategy: synchronized breeding?
A shorter breeding season makes lots of babies, which means at least some will survive predation.
69
What is a prey strategy: chemical defense?
Venom, toxins, tannins to defend against predators.
70
What is a prey strategy: mechanical protection?
Spikes, shells, etc.
71
What are the pros of intraspecific competition?
- Drives evolution - Controls the population
72
What is R strategy?
An animal having lots of offspring, but putting no energy into raising them.
73
What is realized niche?
The range of conditions it ends up tolerating.
74
What are Short Day Plants (SDP)?
A plant that requires days shorter than the critical day length (long nights) in order to flower.
75
What is symbiosis?
A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.
76
What is taxis?
A movement response towards or away from a directional stimulus.
77
What is territory?
The geographical area an animal occupies and defends.
78
What is tropism?
A directional growth response towards or away from a stimulus (plants).
79
What are the 4 main types of navigation?
Solar, stellar, magnetic fields, landmarks, smells, sounds.
80
What does auxin do in root cells?
Inhibits cell elongation.
81
What does auxin do in shoot cells?
Stimulates cell elongation.
82
What does Pfr do to long-day plants?
Stimulates flowering.
83
What does Pfr do to short-day plants?
Inhibits flowering.
84
What is homing?
Regular, short-distance travel from a food/mating location to one 'home.'
85
What is migration?
The long distance, mass movement of organisms between two habitats.
86
What is the #1 rule of migration?
The benefits MUST outweigh the disadvantages.
87
What is the difference between taxis and kinesis?
Taxis is directional; kinesis is speed/turning rate based.
88
What is the mechanism of nastic responses?
Ion shift (active transport) that causes water movement. Makes cells flaccid/turgid.
89
What is the mechanism of tropism?
Cell elongation due to high auxin concentration.
90
What turns Pfr into Pr (in nature)?
Absence of red light (darkness).
91
What turns Pfr into Pr (rapid)?
Far red light (in a controlled setting).
92
What turns Pr into Pfr?
Red light (daylight).
93
Why are predators and prey in an 'evolutionary arms race'?
Predators evolve to catch prey, so the prey have to evolve to avoid the predators, which means the predators have to evolve more, etc.
94
Why is there more intraspecific competition than interspecific?
Because members of the same species occupy the same niche.
95
What is a zeitgeber?
An environmental cue that syncs up a biological clock.

L3 Bio Plant and Animal responsed (1 decks)

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