Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is the lymphatic system composed of?

Answer 1

Cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body against environmental hazards and internal threats.

Question 2

Name the primary cells of the lymphatic system.

Answer 2

Lymphocytes.

Question 3

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 3

In lymphoid tissues and organs, as well as in red bone marrow.

Question 4

Where do lymphatic vessels begin and end?

Answer 4

Begin in peripheral tissues and end at connections to veins.

Question 5

What is the fluid within tissue called?

Answer 5

Interstitial fluid.

Question 6

What is the fluid within lymphatic vessels called?

Answer 6

Lymph.

Question 7

Contrast lymphatic capillaries with blood capillaries.

Answer 7

Lymphatic capillaries originate as pockets, have larger diameters, thinner walls, and typically look flattened or irregular.

Question 8

What is lymphedema?

Answer 8

Blocked lymphatic drainage causing accumulation of interstitial fluids, leading to swelling.

Question 9

What are the three main classes of lymphocytes?

Answer 9

T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Question 10

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

Answer 10

B-cells.

Question 11

Which tissues are involved in lymphopoiesis?

Answer 11

Red bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid tissues.

Question 12

Define antigen.

Answer 12

A substance that stimulates an immune response.

Question 13

Most antigens are what type of molecule?

Answer 13

Pathogens, other foreign substances, or proteins.

Question 14

What are the functions of neutrophils?

Answer 14

Engulf pathogens and debris; release cytotoxic enzymes and chemicals.

Question 15

What do eosinophils do?

Answer 15

Engulf antibody-labeled materials; reduce inflammation; increase in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Question 16

What is the role of basophils?

Answer 16

Enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation.

Question 17

What do monocytes become in tissues?

Answer 17

Macrophages.

Question 18

What is the role of cytotoxic T-cells?

Answer 18

Attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses.

Question 19

What do helper T-cells do?

Answer 19

Stimulate the activation and function of T-cells and B-cells.

Question 20

What is the function of suppressor T-cells?

Answer 20

Inhibit the activation and function of T-cells and B-cells.

Question 21

What do plasma cells produce?

Answer 21

Antibodies.

Question 22

What are memory B-cells?

Answer 22

B-cells that remain in reserve to deal with subsequent infections with the same antigen.

Question 23

What do NK cells attack?

Answer 23

Foreign cells, body cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells.

Question 24

Which lymphocyte migrates to the thymus to mature?

Answer 24

T cells.

Question 25

Which lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow?

Answer 25

B cells.

Question 26

Which lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 26

Cytotoxic T-cells.

Question 27

What occurs at a lymph node?

Answer 27

Functions like a water filter, purifying lymph before it reaches venous circulation.

Question 28

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 28

Above the heart.

Question 29

What happens to the thymus after puberty?

Answer 29

It shrinks and is gradually replaced with fatty tissue.

Question 30

Why might older individuals be more susceptible to disease?

Answer 30

Decreased size and secretory abilities of the thymus.

Question 31

Where is the spleen located?

Answer 31

Upper left region of the abdomen, behind the stomach, under the diaphragm.

Question 32

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 32

Removes abnormal RBCs by phagocytosis, stores iron, and initiates immune responses.

Question 33

How do lymph nodes and the spleen compare in function?

Answer 33

Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, the spleen filters blood.

Question 34

The spleen is to blood as the lymph nodes are to __________.

Answer 34

Lymph fluid.

Question 35

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 35

Nonspecific (Innate) Defenses and Specific (Adaptive) Defenses.

Question 36

List 6 nonspecific defenses.

Answer 36

* Physical Barriers * Phagocytes * Immunological Surveillance * Interferons * Complement System * Inflammatory Response * Fever

Question 37

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 37

Vesicles form at the plasma membrane to bring solid particles into the cell.

Question 38

What kinds of white blood cells can phagocytize pathogens?

Answer 38

* Neutrophils * Macrophages * Monocytes * Dendritic Cells

Question 39

Define diapedesis.

Answer 39

When phagocytes leave capillaries by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells.

Question 40

What is the role of NK cells?

Answer 40

Attack foreign body cells, infected cells, and cancer cells.

Question 41

What results from an inflammatory response?

Answer 41

* Redness * Swelling * Heat * Pain

Question 42

What is the most likely reason why fevers have evolved?

Answer 42

Pyrogens reset the hypothalamus body temperature to inhibit some viruses and bacteria.

Question 43

Contrast inflammation with a fever.

Answer 43

A fever affects the whole body, while inflammation is localized.

Question 44

What does a rise in the level of interferons suggest?

Answer 44

Viral Infection.

Question 45

What effects do pyrogens have in the body?

Answer 45

They reset the temperature thermostat in the hypothalamus, raising body temperature.

Question 46

What cell types are responsible for specific defenses?

Answer 46

T-Cells and B-Cells.

Question 47

Define antigen presentation.

Answer 47

The trigger for the appearance of antigens in plasma membranes.

Question 48

What type of cell attacks infected body cells?

Answer 48

Cytotoxic T-Cells.

Question 49

What type of cell makes antibodies?

Answer 49

B-Cells.

Question 50

Which type of cell is critical for activating B cells during infection?

Answer 50

Helper T-Cells.

Question 51

What is another name for antibodies?

Answer 51

Immunoglobulins.

Question 52

How many classes of antibodies are there?

Answer 52

5.

Question 53

Define antigenic determinant site.

Answer 53

Specific portion of an antigen where antibodies bind.

Question 54

Describe the structure of an antibody.

Answer 54

Y-shaped proteins comprised of two heavy chains and two light chains.

Question 55

Which response is more affected by a lack of memory B cells and T cells?

Answer 55

Secondary Response.

Question 56

What class of antibodies might be involved in allergic reactions?

Answer 56

IgE antibodies.

Question 57

Define anaphylaxis.

Answer 57

A circulating allergen stimulates mast cells to release histamines.

Question 58

Define anaphylactic shock.

Answer 58

Extensive peripheral vasodilation causing a fall in blood pressure leading to circulatory collapse.

Question 59

What chemicals do mast cells and basophils release during an allergic reaction?

Answer 59

Histamines and other chemicals causing pain and inflammation.

Question 60

What types of cells are infected by HIV?

Answer 60

Helper T-cells.

Question 61

How does HIV affect immune responses?

Answer 61

Turns off normal immune response, reduces circulating antibody levels, and cell-mediated immunity.

Question 62

Define autoimmune disorders.

Answer 62

The immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.

Question 63

List examples of autoimmune disorders.

Answer 63

* Thyroiditis * Rheumatoid Arthritis * Type 1 Diabetes