Untitled Deck

Question 1

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 1

Both have cytoplasm, membrane, and ribosomes; only eukaryotes have nucleus and organelles.

Question 2

What type of nucleic acid do Ebola, HIV, and tobacco mosaic virus contain?

Answer 2

RNA

Question 3

Role of Golgi body in enzyme

Answer 3

Modifies proteins from RER, packages in vesicles, and fuses with membrane.

Question 4

Key steps to prepare root slides for mitosis?

Answer 4

Treat with acid, add stain, heat, squash, and observe.

Question 5

What is viral latency?

Answer 5

Virus DNA integrates into host and replicates silently with host cell.

Question 6

What happens in metaphase of mitosis?

Answer 6

Chromosomes align at the equator, spindle fibres attach.

Question 7

What surrounds all RNA viruses?

Answer 7

A protein coat.

Question 8

Compare Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial walls.

Answer 8

Both have peptidoglycan; Gram-positive is thicker and contains teichoic acid.

Question 9

Why are viruses unaffected by antibiotics?

Answer 9

Viruses are not living cells and lack a cell wall.

Question 10

Why is acetic orcein used in mitosis slides?

Answer 10

It binds to chromosomes, making them visible.

Question 11

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 11

DNA content halves as two cells form.

Question 12

What nucleic acid does lambda phage contain?

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

Why is there a delay before viral lysis?

Answer 13

Virus must attach, enter, replicate DNA, and make proteins.

Question 14

Function of lysosomes?

Answer 14

Contain enzymes to digest pathogens and worn-out organelles.

Question 15

What causes Down’s syndrome?

Answer 15

Non-disjunction during meiosis.

Question 16

Staining result of Gram-positive vs Gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 16

Gram-positive stains purple; Gram-negative does not.

Question 17

Steps to observe pollen grains using a microscope?

Answer 17

Place in water, use slide and coverslip, start with low power then increase magnification.

Question 18

How to observe stomata under high power lens?

Answer 18

Start with low power lens, then fine focus only under high power.

Question 19

Difference between a tissue and an organ?

Answer 19

Tissue = similar cells; Organ = multiple tissues for one function.

Question 20

Function of mitochondria?

Answer 20

Provide ATP for protein synthesis and active glucose uptake.

Question 21

What happens after transcription to release amylase?

Answer 21

mRNA exits nucleus, is translated, processed in Golgi, released by exocytosis.

Question 22

Describe the lytic cycle.

Answer 22

Virus attaches, replicates, makes capsids, bursts cell.

Question 23

Steps of transcription?

Answer 23

DNA strands separate, RNA polymerase makes mRNA from antisense strand.

Question 24

Function of microvilli?

Answer 24

Increase surface area for carrier proteins for glucose uptake.

Question 25

Where does crossing over occur in meiosis?

Answer 25

Prophase I, at chiasmata between homologous chromosomes.

Question 26

Why do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria react differently to antibiotics?

Answer 26

Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan walls that some antibiotics target; Gram-negative may block antibiotics.

Question 27

Why use stains in light microscopy?

Answer 27

To increase contrast by binding to specific cell parts.

Question 28

How does meiosis create genetic variation?

Answer 28

Independent assortment and crossing over shuffle alleles.

Question 29

Which cellular structures are most dense under an electron microscope?

Answer 29

The nucleus and ribosomes; RER is denser than SER.

Question 30

Why can electron microscopes distinguish two membranes as separate structures?

Answer 30

Because the resolution is higher due to the shorter wavelength of electrons.