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Untitled Deck Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A

Both have cytoplasm, membrane, and ribosomes; only eukaryotes have nucleus and organelles.

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2
Q

What type of nucleic acid do Ebola, HIV, and tobacco mosaic virus contain?

A

RNA

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3
Q

Role of Golgi body in enzyme

A

Modifies proteins from RER, packages in vesicles, and fuses with membrane.

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4
Q

Key steps to prepare root slides for mitosis?

A

Treat with acid, add stain, heat, squash, and observe.

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5
Q

What is viral latency?

A

Virus DNA integrates into host and replicates silently with host cell.

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6
Q

What happens in metaphase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes align at the equator, spindle fibres attach.

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7
Q

What surrounds all RNA viruses?

A

A protein coat.

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8
Q

Compare Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial walls.

A

Both have peptidoglycan; Gram-positive is thicker and contains teichoic acid.

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9
Q

Why are viruses unaffected by antibiotics?

A

Viruses are not living cells and lack a cell wall.

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10
Q

Why is acetic orcein used in mitosis slides?

A

It binds to chromosomes, making them visible.

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11
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

DNA content halves as two cells form.

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12
Q

What nucleic acid does lambda phage contain?

A

DNA

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13
Q

Why is there a delay before viral lysis?

A

Virus must attach, enter, replicate DNA, and make proteins.

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14
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Contain enzymes to digest pathogens and worn-out organelles.

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15
Q

What causes Down’s syndrome?

A

Non-disjunction during meiosis.

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16
Q

Staining result of Gram-positive vs Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive stains purple; Gram-negative does not.

17
Q

Steps to observe pollen grains using a microscope?

A

Place in water, use slide and coverslip, start with low power then increase magnification.

18
Q

How to observe stomata under high power lens?

A

Start with low power lens, then fine focus only under high power.

19
Q

Difference between a tissue and an organ?

A

Tissue = similar cells; Organ = multiple tissues for one function.

20
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Provide ATP for protein synthesis and active glucose uptake.

21
Q

What happens after transcription to release amylase?

A

mRNA exits nucleus, is translated, processed in Golgi, released by exocytosis.

22
Q

Describe the lytic cycle.

A

Virus attaches, replicates, makes capsids, bursts cell.

23
Q

Steps of transcription?

A

DNA strands separate, RNA polymerase makes mRNA from antisense strand.

24
Q

Function of microvilli?

A

Increase surface area for carrier proteins for glucose uptake.

25
Where does crossing over occur in meiosis?
Prophase I, at chiasmata between homologous chromosomes.
26
Why do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria react differently to antibiotics?
Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan walls that some antibiotics target; Gram-negative may block antibiotics.
27
Why use stains in light microscopy?
To increase contrast by binding to specific cell parts.
28
How does meiosis create genetic variation?
Independent assortment and crossing over shuffle alleles.
29
Which cellular structures are most dense under an electron microscope?
The nucleus and ribosomes; RER is denser than SER.
30
Why can electron microscopes distinguish two membranes as separate structures?
Because the resolution is higher due to the shorter wavelength of electrons.