Untitled Deck Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What are the two main fluid compartments of the body?
A
Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
2
Q
What are the three types of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
A
- Interstitial fluid
- Intravascular fluid (plasma)
- Transcellular fluid
3
Q
What are the main functions of body fluids?
A
- Transport
- Temperature regulation
- Lubrication
- Chemical reactions
4
Q
What factors affect variations in fluid compartments?
A
- Age
- Sex
- Body fat percentage
- Illness
5
Q
What are the main functions of sodium (Na⁺)?
A
- Fluid balance
- Nerve function
- Muscle function
6
Q
How is sodium regulated?
A
By aldosterone and the kidneys
7
Q
What is the main role of potassium (K⁺)?
A
Muscle contraction (especially heart) and nerve function
8
Q
How is potassium regulated?
A
By aldosterone and kidneys
9
Q
What are the functions of calcium (Ca²⁺)?
A
- Bone health
- Clotting
- Muscle function
- Nerve function
10
Q
How is calcium regulated?
A
By parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D
11
Q
What are the functions of magnesium (Mg²⁺)?
A
- Enzyme activity
- Nerve function
- Muscle function
12
Q
What are the functions of chloride (Cl⁻)?
A
Acid–base and fluid balance
13
Q
What regulates chloride?
A
Sodium regulation
14
Q
What are functions of phosphate (PO₄³⁻)?
A
- Bone health
- Energy (ATP) production
15
Q
What are functions of bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)?
A
Buffering pH in acid–base balance
16
Q
What is osmosis?
A
Movement of water from low to high solute concentration
17
Q
What is diffusion?
A
Movement of solutes from high to low concentration
18
Q
What is active transport?
A
Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP)
19
Q
What is filtration?
A
Movement of water and solutes by pressure gradient
20
Q
What triggers the thirst mechanism?
A
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
21
Q
What is the role of kidneys in fluid balance?
A
Regulate fluid volume and electrolytes via filtration and hormones
22
Q
How do the heart and vessels contribute to fluid homeostasis?
A
Baroreceptors detect pressure changes and affect blood volume regulation
23
Q
What is the lung’s role in homeostasis?
A
Regulate pH by exhaling CO₂
24
Q
What hormone do adrenal glands release and what does it do?
A
Aldosterone; retains sodium and water
25
What hormone does the pituitary release for water retention?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
26
What glands regulate calcium and phosphate levels?
Parathyroid glands
27
What is the main buffer system in the body?
Bicarbonate–carbonic acid buffer system
28
How do the lungs regulate acid–base balance?
By removing or retaining CO₂
29
How do the kidneys regulate acid–base balance?
By excreting H⁺ and reabsorbing HCO₃⁻
30
What causes hypovolemia?
Vomiting, diarrhea, burns
31
What are signs of hypovolemia?
* Low BP
* Dry mucosa
* Weak pulse
32
What causes hypervolemia?
CHF, renal failure
33
What are signs of hypervolemia?
* Edema
* High BP
* Crackles in lungs
34
What causes hyponatremia?
Fluid overload, diuretics
35
What are signs of hyponatremia?
* Confusion
* Seizures
36
What causes hyperkalemia?
Renal failure
37
What are signs of hyperkalemia?
* Muscle weakness
* Arrhythmias
38
What causes metabolic acidosis?
DKA, renal failure
39
What are signs of metabolic acidosis?
* Kussmaul breathing
* Confusion
40
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation
41
What are signs of respiratory alkalosis?
* Light-headedness
* Tingling
42
What is an important first step in fluid assessment?
Measure intake and output (I&O)
43
What vital signs should be monitored for fluid balance?
* Blood pressure
* Heart rate
* Respiratory rate
44
What labs are commonly used for fluid and electrolyte assessment?
* Na⁺
* K⁺
* pH
* HCO₃⁻
* BUN
* Creatinine
45
What physical signs suggest fluid imbalance?
* Skin turgor
* Dry mucous membranes
* Daily weight changes
46
What are dietary interventions for electrolyte imbalances?
Adjust sodium or potassium intake depending on the condition
47
When is fluid restriction recommended?
In fluid overload (e.g., heart failure)
48
What medications are used for imbalances?
* Diuretics
* Electrolyte supplements
* Acid-base drugs
49
What is IV therapy used for?
To restore fluid and electrolyte balance
50
When is blood replacement used?
In hemorrhage or severe anemia
51
What is parenteral nutrition (PN) used for?
When patients can’t eat and need full nutrition through IV
52
What are the sources of Sodium?
Salt and Processed foods
53
What are the sources of Potassium?
Fruits (bananas) and Vegetables
54
What are the sources of Calcium?
Dairy and Leafy greens
55
What are the sources of Magnesium?
Nuts, Grains, and Leafy greens
56
What are the sources of Chloride?
Salt
57
What are the sources of Phosphate?
Meat and Dairy
58
What are the sources of Bicarbonate?
Metabolic Byproduct
59
Average fluid output
2600 mL/day
60
Average fluid output range
1500 - 3500
61
Sodium range
136 - 145
62
Potassium range
3.5 - 5.0
63
Calcium
9 - 10.5
64
Magnesium
1.3 - 2.1
65
Chloride
98 - 106
66
Bicarbonate
25 - 29
67
Phosphate
3 - 4.5
68
What is the function of Sodium?
Controls & regulates volume of body fluids
69
What is the function of potassium?
Chief regulator of cellular enzyme activity & water content
70
What is the function of calcium?
Nerve impulse
Blood clotting
Muscle contraction
B12 absorption
71
What is the function of magnesium?
Metabolism of carbohydrates & proteins
Vital actions involving enzymes
72
What is the function of chloride?
Maintains osmotic pressure in blood
Produces hydrochloric acid
73
What is the function of bicarbonate?
Body's primary buffer system
74
What is the function of phosphate?
Involved in important chemical reactions in the body, cell division, and hereditary traits
75
Who should you watch out for for dehydration?
Elderly
Infants
Obese
Women
76
Isotonic
Same concentration of particles as plasma
77
Hypertonic
Greater concentration of particles than plasma
78
Hypotonic
Lesser concentration of particles than plasma
79
What lab studies should you take for electrolyte & fluid assessment?
CBC, Serum electrolyte panel, BUN, Creatinine, and CMP
80
What are symptoms of hyponatremia?
Confusion, weakness, headache, nausea, muscle cramps, seizures.
81
What are symptoms of hypernatremia?
Thirst, dry mouth, agitation, confusion, muscle twitching.
82
What are symptoms of hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness, cramps, irregular pulse, fatigue, ECG changes (flat T, U wave).
83
What are symptoms of hyperkalemia?
Muscle cramps, paresthesia, bradycardia, ECG changes (peaked T wave), cardiac arrest.
84
What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Muscle twitching, tetany, Chvostek’s sign, Trousseau’s sign, seizures, numbness.
85
What are symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Lethargy, muscle weakness, bone pain, confusion, constipation.
86
What are symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Tremors, tachycardia, hyperreflexia, seizures.
87
What are symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
Bradycardia, hypotension, weak reflexes, respiratory depression.
88
What are symptoms of hypochloremia?
Muscle twitching, shallow breathing, signs of alkalosis.
89
What are symptoms of hyperchloremia?
Lethargy, weakness, signs of acidosis.
90
What are symptoms of hypophosphatemia?
Weakness, bone pain, confusion, respiratory failure.
91
What are symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?
Muscle cramps, tetany, soft tissue calcification.
92
What are symptoms of low bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)?
Metabolic acidosis – tachypnea, confusion, fatigue.
93
What are symptoms of high bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)?
Metabolic alkalosis – slow breathing, muscle cramps, irritability.
94
What is the definition of acidosis?
Blood pH < 7.35; too much acid or too little base.
95
What is the definition of alkalosis?
Blood pH > 7.45; too much base or too little acid.
96
What happens to CO₂ levels during respiratory acidosis?
CO₂ increases, leading to more acidity.
97
What happens to CO₂ levels during respiratory alkalosis?
CO₂ decreases, leading to more alkalinity.
98
How does respiratory rate affect CO₂?
↓ RR = ↑ CO₂ (more acidic), ↑ RR = ↓ CO₂ (less acidic).
99
What are examples of isotonic fluids?
0.9% NS, Lactated Ringer’s, D5W (initially).
100
When are isotonic fluids used?
Dehydration, mild hyponatremia, blood loss.
101
What are examples of hypotonic fluids?
0.45% NS, D5W (after metabolism).
102
When are hypotonic fluids used?
Hypernatremia, cellular dehydration.
103
What are examples of hypertonic fluids?
3% NS, D5NS, D10W.
104
When are hypertonic fluids used?
Severe hyponatremia, cerebral edema (use with caution).
105
What fluids treat hyponatremia?
Isotonic NS (mild), 3% NS (severe – use carefully).
106
What fluids treat hypernatremia?
Hypotonic fluids (0.45% NS or D5W).
107
What fluids treat hypokalemia?
Potassium supplements with isotonic fluids (never IV push K⁺).
108
What treats hyperkalemia?
Calcium gluconate, insulin + D50, isotonic fluids.
109
What treats hypocalcemia?
IV calcium gluconate, PO calcium + vitamin D.
110
What treats hypercalcemia?
Isotonic fluids + diuretics, calcitonin.
111
What treats hypomagnesemia?
IV or PO magnesium, isotonic fluids.
112
What treats hypermagnesemia?
Diuretics, calcium gluconate, fluids.
113
What treats hypophosphatemia?
PO or IV phosphate, fluids.
114
What treats hyperphosphatemia?
Phosphate binders, dialysis, fluids.
115
What treats hypochloremia?
0.9% NS, treat underlying cause.
116
What treats hyperchloremia?
Hypotonic fluids, treat underlying cause (e.g. acidosis).
117
What does a CBC help assess?
Dehydration (H/H), infection (WBC), anemia.
118
What does a serum electrolyte panel include?
Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻ (or CO₂).
119
What does an elevated BUN indicate?
Dehydration or kidney dysfunction.
120
What does creatinine indicate?
Kidney function; high = renal impairment.
121
What does a CMP include?
Electrolytes, glucose, kidney/liver function, calcium.
122
What is the normal blood pH range?
7.35 – 7.45.
123
A blood pH below 7.35 indicates...?
Acidosis.
124
A blood pH above 7.45 indicates...?
Alkalosis.
125
More CO₂ in the body causes pH to become...?
More acidic.
126
Slower respiratory rate causes CO₂ to...?
Increase → more acidic.
127
Faster respiratory rate causes CO₂ to...?
Decrease → more alkaline.
