Untitled Deck Flashcards

(57 cards)

1
Q

What is a key feature distinguishing prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells regarding the nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus (DNA in nucloid); eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, and fungi.

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2
Q

How is the DNA structured in prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and lacks histones; eukaryotic DNA is linear and associated with histones.

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3
Q

What is the typical size range for prokaryotic cells?

A

Small (1–10 µm)

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4
Q

What process do prokaryotic cells use for cell division?

A

Binary fission

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5
Q

What are the main functions of the nucleus in a cell?

A

Stores genetic material (DNA); coordinates activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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6
Q

Where are ribosomes located and what is their primary function?

A

Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm or bound to rough ER; they synthesize proteins.

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7
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

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8
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

Produces ATP through cellular respiration.

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9
Q

Which organelle is responsible for digesting waste and damaged organelles?

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes in a cell?

A

Break down fatty acids and toxic substances using oxidative enzymes.

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11
Q

Describe the role of the cytoskeleton.

A

Provides cell structure, enables movement, intracellular transport, and cell division.

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12
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins.

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13
Q

What type of transport proteins change shape to move molecules across membranes?

A

Transporter proteins (carriers)

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14
Q

What are the three types of membrane transporters?

A
  • Uniporters
  • Symporters
  • Antiporters
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15
Q

What is the primary function of receptor proteins?

A

Detect chemical signals and trigger cellular responses.

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16
Q

What distinguishes tight junctions from other types of cell junctions?

A

They create a seal between adjacent cells and prevent leakage of molecules.

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17
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

Provide strong adhesion between cells and resist mechanical stress.

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18
Q

What is the primary difference between passive and active transport?

A

Passive transport does not require energy; active transport requires energy (ATP).

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19
Q

Define simple diffusion.

A

Movement of small, nonpolar molecules directly across the membrane from high to low concentration.

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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21
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

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22
Q

What are the components of homeostatic regulation?

A
  • Sensor (Receptor)
  • Control Center
  • Effector
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23
Q

What is the primary role of negative feedback in homeostasis?

A

Reverses a change to bring it back to normal.

24
Q

What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on a cell?

A

Water moves into the cell; the cell swells.

25
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure exerted by solutes in a solution that pulls water across a semipermeable membrane.
26
What does tonicity describe?
The effect of a solution’s solute concentration on the volume and shape of cells.
27
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks.
28
In fluid compartments, what percentage of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
~60%
29
What are the two main subcompartments of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
* Interstitial Fluid * Intravascular Fluid (Plasma)
30
What is the definition of hypotonic?
Lower solute concentration than cell ## Footnote Water moves into cell; cell swells (can burst)
31
What is the definition of hypertonic?
Higher solute concentration than cell ## Footnote Water moves out of cell; cell shrinks
32
What is osmotic pressure?
Pressure caused by solutes pulling water ## Footnote Moves water between compartments
33
What is tonicity?
Effect of solution on cell volume/shape ## Footnote Determines cell swelling/shrinking
34
What is the effect of an isotonic solution on a cell?
No net movement of water across the membrane ## Footnote Cell volume stays the same — normal shape and function
35
Give an example of an isotonic solution.
Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) ## Footnote Commonly used in medical settings
36
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell to the more concentrated external solution ## Footnote Cell shrinks (crenation) as it loses water
37
What is a clinical use of hypertonic solutions?
Used to reduce swelling by drawing water out of cells ## Footnote Example: cerebral edema treatment
38
What occurs to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell from the less concentrated external solution ## Footnote Cell swells and may burst (lysis) if too much water enters
39
What is a clinical caution regarding hypotonic solutions?
Can cause hemolysis if red blood cells are exposed ## Footnote Important in blood transfusions
40
What is the water movement effect in isotonic solutions?
None ## Footnote No change in cell volume
41
What is the water movement effect in hypertonic solutions?
Out of cell ## Footnote Cell shrinks (crenates)
42
What is the water movement effect in hypotonic solutions?
Into cell ## Footnote Cell swells, may lyse
43
What are fluid shifts?
Movements of water between the main body fluid compartments ## Footnote Includes intracellular fluid (ICF), interstitial fluid (ISF), and intravascular fluid (plasma)
44
What drives fluid shifts?
Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote These forces maintain balance and homeostasis
45
What is osmotic pressure caused by?
Solutes (especially proteins like albumin) ## Footnote Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
46
What does hydrostatic pressure refer to?
Pressure exerted by fluid pushing against vessel walls ## Footnote Forces fluid out of capillaries into interstitial spaces
47
What causes capillary filtration?
High hydrostatic pressure in capillaries ## Footnote Fluid moves from plasma to interstitial fluid
48
What causes capillary reabsorption?
High oncotic pressure in capillaries ## Footnote Fluid moves from interstitial fluid to plasma
49
What happens during intracellular ↔ extracellular shifts?
Changes in osmolarity ## Footnote Water moves to balance solute concentration
50
What causes edema formation?
Increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure ## Footnote Leads to excess fluid in interstitial space causing swelling
51
What occurs during dehydration?
Loss of fluid from ECF ## Footnote Water moves from ICF to ECF, causing cell shrinkage
52
What occurs during overhydration?
Excess fluid in ECF ## Footnote Water moves into cells, causing cell swelling
53
What is hypoalbuminemia?
Low plasma proteins ## Footnote Decreased oncotic pressure leads to fluid leaking into interstitial space, causing edema
54
What happens in heart failure regarding fluid shifts?
Increased hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote Fluid accumulates in tissues causing edema
55
What is the pressure driving filtration from plasma to interstitial fluid?
↑ Hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote Results in filtration
56
What pressure drives reabsorption from interstitial fluid to plasma?
↑ Oncotic pressure ## Footnote Results in reabsorption
57
What regulates cell volume during intracellular ↔ extracellular shifts?
Osmotic gradients ## Footnote Essential for homeostasis