Untitled Deck

Question 1

What is a key feature distinguishing prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells regarding the nucleus?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus (DNA in nucloid); eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.

Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, and fungi.

Question 2

How is the DNA structured in prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Prokaryotic DNA is circular and lacks histones; eukaryotic DNA is linear and associated with histones.

Question 3

What is the typical size range for prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

Small (1–10 µm)

Question 4

What process do prokaryotic cells use for cell division?

Answer 4

Binary fission

Question 5

What are the main functions of the nucleus in a cell?

Answer 5

Stores genetic material (DNA); coordinates activities like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question 6

Where are ribosomes located and what is their primary function?

Answer 6

Ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm or bound to rough ER; they synthesize proteins.

Question 7

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

Answer 7

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 8

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Answer 8

Produces ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for digesting waste and damaged organelles?

Answer 9

Lysosomes

Question 10

What is the function of peroxisomes in a cell?

Answer 10

Break down fatty acids and toxic substances using oxidative enzymes.

Question 11

Describe the role of the cytoskeleton.

Answer 11

Provides cell structure, enables movement, intracellular transport, and cell division.

Question 12

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

Answer 12

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins.

Question 13

What type of transport proteins change shape to move molecules across membranes?

Answer 13

Transporter proteins (carriers)

Question 14

What are the three types of membrane transporters?

Answer 14

• Uniporters
• Symporters
• Antiporters

Question 15

What is the primary function of receptor proteins?

Answer 15

Detect chemical signals and trigger cellular responses.

Question 16

What distinguishes tight junctions from other types of cell junctions?

Answer 16

They create a seal between adjacent cells and prevent leakage of molecules.

Question 17

What is the function of desmosomes?

Answer 17

Provide strong adhesion between cells and resist mechanical stress.

Question 18

What is the primary difference between passive and active transport?

Answer 18

Passive transport does not require energy; active transport requires energy (ATP).

Question 19

Define simple diffusion.

Answer 19

Movement of small, nonpolar molecules directly across the membrane from high to low concentration.

Question 20

What is osmosis?

Answer 20

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Question 21

What is the definition of homeostasis?

Answer 21

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Question 22

What are the components of homeostatic regulation?

Answer 22

• Sensor (Receptor)
• Control Center
• Effector

Question 23

What is the primary role of negative feedback in homeostasis?

Answer 23

Reverses a change to bring it back to normal.

Question 24

What is the effect of a hypotonic solution on a cell?

Answer 24

Water moves into the cell; the cell swells.

Question 25

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 25

The pressure exerted by solutes in a solution that pulls water across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 26

What does tonicity describe?

Answer 26

The effect of a solution’s solute concentration on the volume and shape of cells.

Question 27

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 27

Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks.

Question 28

In fluid compartments, what percentage of total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

Answer 28

~60%

Question 29

What are the two main subcompartments of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Answer 29

* Interstitial Fluid * Intravascular Fluid (Plasma)

Question 30

What is the definition of hypotonic?

Answer 30

Lower solute concentration than cell ## Footnote Water moves into cell; cell swells (can burst)

Question 31

What is the definition of hypertonic?

Answer 31

Higher solute concentration than cell ## Footnote Water moves out of cell; cell shrinks

Question 32

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 32

Pressure caused by solutes pulling water ## Footnote Moves water between compartments

Question 33

What is tonicity?

Answer 33

Effect of solution on cell volume/shape ## Footnote Determines cell swelling/shrinking

Question 34

What is the effect of an isotonic solution on a cell?

Answer 34

No net movement of water across the membrane ## Footnote Cell volume stays the same — normal shape and function

Question 35

Give an example of an isotonic solution.

Answer 35

Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) ## Footnote Commonly used in medical settings

Question 36

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Answer 36

Water moves out of the cell to the more concentrated external solution ## Footnote Cell shrinks (crenation) as it loses water

Question 37

What is a clinical use of hypertonic solutions?

Answer 37

Used to reduce swelling by drawing water out of cells ## Footnote Example: cerebral edema treatment

Question 38

What occurs to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 38

Water moves into the cell from the less concentrated external solution ## Footnote Cell swells and may burst (lysis) if too much water enters

Question 39

What is a clinical caution regarding hypotonic solutions?

Answer 39

Can cause hemolysis if red blood cells are exposed ## Footnote Important in blood transfusions

Question 40

What is the water movement effect in isotonic solutions?

Answer 40

None ## Footnote No change in cell volume

Question 41

What is the water movement effect in hypertonic solutions?

Answer 41

Out of cell ## Footnote Cell shrinks (crenates)

Question 42

What is the water movement effect in hypotonic solutions?

Answer 42

Into cell ## Footnote Cell swells, may lyse

Question 43

What are fluid shifts?

Answer 43

Movements of water between the main body fluid compartments ## Footnote Includes intracellular fluid (ICF), interstitial fluid (ISF), and intravascular fluid (plasma)

Question 44

What drives fluid shifts?

Answer 44

Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote These forces maintain balance and homeostasis

Question 45

What is osmotic pressure caused by?

Answer 45

Solutes (especially proteins like albumin) ## Footnote Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 46

What does hydrostatic pressure refer to?

Answer 46

Pressure exerted by fluid pushing against vessel walls ## Footnote Forces fluid out of capillaries into interstitial spaces

Question 47

What causes capillary filtration?

Answer 47

High hydrostatic pressure in capillaries ## Footnote Fluid moves from plasma to interstitial fluid

Question 48

What causes capillary reabsorption?

Answer 48

High oncotic pressure in capillaries ## Footnote Fluid moves from interstitial fluid to plasma

Question 49

What happens during intracellular ↔ extracellular shifts?

Answer 49

Changes in osmolarity ## Footnote Water moves to balance solute concentration

Question 50

What causes edema formation?

Answer 50

Increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure ## Footnote Leads to excess fluid in interstitial space causing swelling

Question 51

What occurs during dehydration?

Answer 51

Loss of fluid from ECF ## Footnote Water moves from ICF to ECF, causing cell shrinkage

Question 52

What occurs during overhydration?

Answer 52

Excess fluid in ECF ## Footnote Water moves into cells, causing cell swelling

Question 53

What is hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 53

Low plasma proteins ## Footnote Decreased oncotic pressure leads to fluid leaking into interstitial space, causing edema

Question 54

What happens in heart failure regarding fluid shifts?

Answer 54

Increased hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote Fluid accumulates in tissues causing edema

Question 55

What is the pressure driving filtration from plasma to interstitial fluid?

Answer 55

↑ Hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote Results in filtration

Question 56

What pressure drives reabsorption from interstitial fluid to plasma?

Answer 56

↑ Oncotic pressure ## Footnote Results in reabsorption

Question 57

What regulates cell volume during intracellular ↔ extracellular shifts?

Answer 57

Osmotic gradients ## Footnote Essential for homeostasis