Upcoming alevel psych test

Question 1

How does Chaney show the role of nurture?

Answer 1

Chaney shows the role of nurture through the use and role of reinforcement and that some children’s adherence did improve with the Funhaler compared to the Standard Spacer Device.

Question 2

How does Chaney show the role of nature?

Answer 2

Some of the children did not adhere to the medication which provides evidence for the role of personality.

Question 3

What was the aim of Chaney’s study?
(A)

Answer 3

To prove if positive reinforcement could improve adherence in young asthmatics.

Question 4

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist perspective?

Answer 4

• All behaviour is learnt through the environment- Tabula Rasa - we are born a blank slate.

• Psychology is a science

• Behaviour is a result of a stimulus

• Objectivity (facts) are obtained through observable and measurable behaviour.

Question 5

What does AMPFC stand for?

Answer 5

Aim
Method
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions

Question 6

What does PORSCHE stand for?

Answer 6

Predictability
Objectivity
Reliability
Standardised
Control
Hypothesis
Empirical evidence

Question 7

How does Bandura demonstrate the role of nurture?

Answer 7

The study showed that most of the children in the aggressive model condition showed more imitative aggressive behaviour compared to those in the non-aggressive or control condition.

Question 8

How does Bandura demonstrate the role of nature?

Answer 8

Bandura shows the role of nature in aggression as boys were overall more aggressive than girls suggesting the role of biology (e.g the role of testosterone).

Question 9

What were the Findings in Chaney’s Funhaler study?

Answer 9

• three parents in total we unsuccessful.
• 22/30 parents were immediately successful when using the Funhaler. 3/30 parents reported always being successful with the standard spacer device.
• the use of the Funhaler was associated with improved parent and child compliance.
• 81% of children using the Funhaler were reported to have been medicated the previous day in comparison to the 51% who had been medicated the previous day using the Standard Spacer Device.
• 30% more children took the recommended delivery of 4 or more aerosol deliveries when using the Funhaler.
• Of parents unsuccessful with the Standard Spacer Device, 17 became successful with time, out of the 11 who never succeeded using the Standard Spacer Device: 7/11 were immediately successful when given the Funhaler, 1/11 became successful with time and 3/11 never became successful.
• The use of the Funhaler was associated with fewer problems.

Question 10

What were the conclusions of the Chaney et al Funhaler study?

Answer 10

• improved adherence along with satisfactory delivery characteristics suggest that the Funhaler may be a more useful method for young asthmatics.

• more research needs to be done for the long term efficiency of this form of treatment.

• the use of the Funhaler and other incentives may improve the health of children.

• the use of the Funhaler could possibly be translated to improve clinical outcomes.

Question 11

What are the findings of Bandura et al’s bobo doll study?

Answer 11

• children in aggressive conditions showed more imitative aggressive behaviour compared to children in the non-aggressive or control conditions.

• the children were more likely to display imitative aggressive behaviour when observing a male model rather than a female model.

• boys showed more imitative aggressive behaviour than girls.

• girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression after observing a female model.

Question 12

How does Chaney relate to the behaviourist assumption of behaviour being a response to a stimulus?

Answer 12

In Chaney’s procedure the children are given a Funhaler which includes incentive toys including a whilst and a spinning disk. When the children inhaled their drug dosage, the disk would spin and the whistle would sound. This is an example of positive reinforcement that looks at a stimulus to encourage behaviour (in this case the incentive toys were the stimulus and the behaviour was improved adherence)

Question 13

How does Chaney et al’s Funhaler study link to the behaviourist assumption that objectivity is obtained through observable and measurable behaviour?

Answer 13

Chaney collected quantitive data through matched questionnaire and phone calls. This meant that the data was easily comparable and shows objective data collected through observation via being informed.

Question 14

How does Chaney et al’s Funhaler study link to the behaviourist assumption that behaviour is learnt through the environment (Tabula Rasa)?

Answer 14

The aim of Chaney’s study was to see if adherence could be improved through positive reinforcement which means that Chaney was looking at how behaviour (adherence) can be learnt through the environment (through the use of incentives).

Question 15

What does SERVDEM stand for?

Answer 15

Sample
Ethics
Reliability
Validity
Data
Ethnocentrism
Method

Question 16

What was Chaney’s Sample?

Answer 16

32 Children
Small sample size
More boys than girls (gender bias)
All from Australia (cultural bias - individualistic)
30 parents
Mean age: 3.2 years
Age range: 1.5 years - 6 years

Question 17

What were the Ethics like in Chaney’s Funhaler Study?

Answer 17

Good ethics
Informed consent gained from childrens’ parents (which is how it’s normally done when children are involved in a study)

Question 18

How reliable was Chaney’s Funhaler study?

Answer 18

High reliability due to standardised procedures e.g:
• time the families had with the Funhaler (2 weeks)
• standardised questionnaires
• standardised phone calls
• standardised instructions on how to use the Funhaler
• all parents were interviewed prior to their knowledge of the Funhaler.

Lower reliability:
• the questions were ambiguous

Question 19

What was the validity of Chaney et al’s Funhaler study?

Answer 19

The Funhaler had high ecological validity as it was a field experiment done in the families’ homes meaning that it was the children’s natural environment so closer to what they would experience on a day to day basis.

There were very few attempts to assess the use of the Funhaler - each family got one phone call over the two week period which decreases the validity.

Snapshot study

Question 20

What sort of data was collected for the Chaney at al study?

Answer 20

Quantitive data was collected through matched questionnaires and phone calls. This made it easy to compare the results and notice correlations.

However, qualitative data could have been collected to get the finer details and so be able to assess whether the use of the Funhaler was directly linked to improved adherence or if it was a different factor.

Question 21

What was the ethnocentrism like within Chaney et al’s Funhaler stud?

Answer 21

The study was ethnocentric as the sample consisted of only Australians in a very small area. It only looked at an individualistic culture which means that it cannot be transferred to collectivist culture countries. This is a negative thing.

Question 22

What was the method like in Chaney et al’s Funhaler study?

Answer 22

It was a field experiment done in the families’ homes:
Pros - increases ecological validity as the children are in their own homes so a more natural environment for them.
Cons - Low levels of control. Social desirability characteristics may appear e.g the parents answering the phone calls or questionnaires in favour of the Funhaler as they know that it is the focus of the study.

Question 23

What was Bandura’s sample?

Answer 23

• 72 children
• between the ages of 37 and 69 months
• mean age: 52 months
• from Stamford University Nursery School
• opportunity sampling (which ever children were there at the time)
• small sample size meaning it is not representative of target population.

Question 24

What were the ethics in Bandura’s bobo doll study?

Answer 24

Protection of participants:
Children were subjected to observing aggressive behaviour displayed by the model towards a bobo doll. This may have resulted in psychological harm and - due to this study being a snapshot study of only 2 weeks - the long term effects of this exposure were not covered.

Withdrawal:
The children were unable to withdraw from the study.

Consent:
The nursery school teacher gave the consent - presumptuous consent isn’t really allowed.

Question 25

What is the reliability of Bandura’s bobo doll study?

Answer 25

It was highly reliable as it had standardised procedures: E.g Same toys Same 3 key stages Same amount of time - 20mins

Question 26

How valid was Bandura’s bobo doll study?

Answer 26

It has low ecological validity as it is a lab experiment. Was a snapshot study of 2 weeks meaning the long term effects are unknown - the effects of observing the model may wear off. A bobo doll was used which isn’t representative of real life. However Bandura challenged this by showing the children a film of a woman beating up a clown and when the children were introduced to a clown they proceeded to do the same thing.

Question 27

What sort of data was collected by Bandura?

Answer 27

Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected. Quantitive data: Recorded and counted aggressive behaviours through rating scales which made the results easily comparable. Qualitative data: Verbal comments that the children made were recorded.

Question 28

Was Bandura’s bobo doll study ethnocentric?

Answer 28

Bandura’s bobo doll study was ethnocentric as the sample consisted of students from Stamford University Nursery School which is based in America meaning that the test only looked at an individualistic culture and so findings and conclusions cannot be transferred to collectivist cultures.

Question 29

What was the method used for Bandura’s bobo doll study?

Answer 29

Bandura’s bobo doll study was a lab experiment. Pros: High levels of control - able to minimise extraneous variables and detect relationships between the variables. E.g One way mirror to observe the children. Children were matched on pre-aggression levels Cons: Low ecological validity- the artificial setting along with the use of the bobo doll may not be representative of the children’s home lives.

Question 30

What is the Aim of Bocchario’s study?

Answer 30

To investigate the characteristics of whistleblowing.

Question 31

What was Bocchiaro’s method?

Answer 31

• controlled observation (there was no IV or DV however the conditions were controlled) • sample: 149 Dutch university students Materials: Research committee ethics form (if posted, this would constitute whistleblowing) Two personality tests (HEXACO PI-R and Decomposed Games Measure)

Question 32

What was Bocchiaro’s procedure?

Answer 32

A pilot test was run to see how believable the ‘set up’ was and to gain the ethics committee’s consent. A comparison group of participants were asked to predict how they and others would behave in this study. Each participant was tested individually. The story was that the experimenter was discussing a future research project with each participant. The proposed study was highly unethical but they were asked if they could write a letter to a few of their friends in support of them taking part. They were also asked to fill in the ethics form recommending it to the board of ethics. Participants were taken to a second room to write a letter and fill in the form. Participants were also asked to complete two psychological tests. It took 40 minutes to complete the whole study. The participants were fully debriefed at the end.

Question 33

What were the findings or Bocchiaro’s study?

Answer 33

Of participants in the comparison group: only 3.6% indicated that they would obey the experimenter. When asked to predict the behaviour of a typical students at their university, 18.8% thought the average student would obey the experimenter. Of the 149 students in the real situation: 76.5% obeyed the experimenter (n= 114) 14.1% disobeyed (n = 21) 9.4% whistle-blew. There was no personality difference found. Only significant difference found was the whistle-blowers were more likely to have a faith.

Question 34

What were the conclusions of Bocchiaro’s study?

Answer 34

• people tend to obey authority figures even if the authority is unjust. • what people believe they will do is often very different from what they will actually do. • situational explanations tend to be more accurate than dispositional explanations of obedience. • appears to be a trend that whistle-blowers tend to have more faith than obedient or disobedient people.