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Upper Extremity: Muscles Flashcards

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0
Q

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle

A

O: (humeral head) common flexor origin on the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle; (ulnar head) medial aspect of the olecranon process & proximal 2/3 of the posterior border of the ulna
I: anterior aspect of the pisiform, hook of hamate (via the pisohamate ligament), 5th metacarpal (via the pisometacarpal ligament)
A: flexion of the humeral-ulnar nerve, flexion of the radio-carpal joint, flexion of the CMC joint, ulnar deviation
N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

Notes:

  • most medial of the muscles in this compartment
  • ulnar nerve enters anterior compartment by passing thru the 2 heads (humeral & ulnar)
  • most powerful wrist flexor and ulnar deviator of the wrist
  • converge then becomes tendinous in distal 1/2
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1
Q

Brachialis Muscle

A

O: distal 1/2 of the anterior aspect of the humerus
I: coronoid process & tuberosity of the ulna
A: flexion of humeral-ulnar joint
N: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-7)

Notes:

  • strong elbow flexor
  • fibers are immediately deep to biceps brachii
  • works with brachioradialis and biceps to flex the elbow
  • fibers run inferior
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2
Q

Palmaris Longus Muscle

A

O: common flexor origin on the anterior aspect of medial epicondyle
I: flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
A: flexion of humeral-ulnar joint, flexion of radio-carpal joint, flexion of the CMC joint
N: median nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • contraction of this muscle resists shearing forces when gripping
  • short belly (proximal 1/4) and a long cord-like tendon
  • absent in ~15% of the population
  • lies lateral to flexor carpi ullnaris
  • good landmark for median nerve
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3
Q

Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle

A

O: common flexor origin on the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle
I: anterior aspect of the base of the 2nd & 3rd metacarpals
A: flexion of humeral-ulnar joint, flexion of the radio-carpal joint, flexion of the CMC joint, radial deviation, pronation
N: median nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • lateral to palmaris longus muscle
  • important landmark for radial artery
  • powerfulflexor of the wrist
  • fibers run slightly oblique (towards lateral side)
  • tendinous in distal 1/4
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4
Q

Pronator Teres Muscle

A

O: (humeral head) common flexor origin on the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle & distal aspect of the medial supracondylar ridge; (ulnar head) medial surface of the coronoid process
I: middle 1/3 of the lateral aspect of the radius
A: flexion of the humeral-ulnar joint, pronation
N: median nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • lateral to the palmaris longus (most lateral)
  • important landmark for the radial artery
  • forms part of the cubital fossa
  • powerful flexor of the wrist
  • fibers run oblique and lateral
  • humeral head blends in with ulnar head (as it descends)
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5
Q

Pronator Quadratus Muscle

A

O: distal 1/4 of the anterior and medial aspect of the ulna
I: distal 1/4 of the anterior and lateral aspect of the radius
A: pronation
N: median nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • flat shaped
  • deep to flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus
  • cannot be palpated
  • prime mover of pronation
  • assists the interosseous membrane b/c it runs from the ulna to the radius
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6
Q

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle

A

O: (humeral-ulnar head) common flexor origin on the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle, medial aspect of the coronoid process & ulnar collateral ligament; (radial head) oblique line - just inferior to radial tuberosity
I: anterior and lateral aspects of the middle phalanx (digits 2-5)
A: flexion of the humeral-ulnar joint, flexion of the radio-carpal joint, flexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, flexion of the PIP
N: median nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • median nerve and ulnar artery pass between the 2 heads
  • passes deep to carpal tunnel, underneaeth flexor retinaculum
  • sits anterior to flexor digitorum profundus
  • bipennate muscle
  • humeral ulnar head fibers descend inferior; radial head fibers run medial and oblique
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7
Q

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle

A

O: proximal 2/3 of the anterior and medial aspect of the ulna & anterior and middle 1/2 of the interosseous membrane
I: anterior aspect of the distal phalanx (digits 2-5)
A: flexion of the radio-carpal joint, flexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint (MP), flexion of the PIP, flexion of the DIP
N: medial aspect = ulnar nerve (C7-T1); lateral aspect = radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • only muscle that can flex the DIP joint
  • runs under the carpal tunnel
  • lumbricals originate on flexor digitorum profundus muscle
  • lies immediately deep to flexor digitorum superificialis
  • common tendon splits into 4 and runs underneath flexor retinaculum then goes thru the middle of the tendon for flexor digitorum superficialis
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8
Q

Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle

A

O: anterior surface of the radius (immediately inferior to radial tuberosity) & lateral 1/2 of the interosseous membrane
I: base of the anterior surface of the distal phalanx of the 1st
A: flexion in the radio-carpal joint, flexion of the metacarpal-phalangeal (MP) joint, flexion of the IP joint
N: median nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • only muscle that flexes the IP joint of the thumb
  • deep to flexor retinaculum (in carpal tunnel)
  • tendon lies lateral to tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis & flexor digitorum profundus
  • tendon lies between flexor opponens and adductor hallucis
  • fibers run down and oblique (medial)
  • converge onto tendon (deep to flexor retinaculum)
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9
Q

Brachioradialis Muscle

A

O: distal 1/2 of the lateral supracondyle ridge of the humerus
I: lateral surface of the distal radius just proximal to radial styloid
A: flexion the the humeral-ulnar joint (forearm in mid-pronation), pronation & supination (when resisted in mid-range)
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • forms the lateral boundary of cubital fossa
  • action is most efficient when forearm is in mid-pronation
  • anterior fibers descend vertically then come over top proximal radius (medial and descending); other fibers descend inferiorly
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10
Q

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle

A

O: distal 1/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge
I: dorsal surface of the base of the 2nd metacarpal
A: extension of humeral-ulnar joint, flexion of humeral-ulnar, extension of radiocarpal joint, radial deviation
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • immediately deep to brachioradialis
  • tendon is crossed by abductor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis brevis
  • fibers descend vertically, underneath extensor retinaculum
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11
Q

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Muscle

A

O: common extensor origin on posterior aspect of lateral epicondyle
I: dorsal surface of the base of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals
A: flexion of humeral-ulnar joint, extension of humeral-ulnar joint, extension of radiocarpal joint, radial deviation
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • lies deep to extensor carpi radialis longus
  • passes underneath extensor retinaculum
  • fibers descend vertically
  • acting with flexor carpi radialis to do radial deviation
  • acting with extensor carpi ulnaris to do extension of radioulnar joint
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12
Q

Extensor Digitorum Muscle

A

O: common extensor origin on posterior aspect of lateral epicondyle
I: at base of proximal phalanx, tendon will divide into 3 “intertendinous” connections:
- 2 lateral ones join together and insert on distal phalanx
- middle inserts on base of middle phalanx
A: extension of humeral-ulnar joint, extension of radio-carpal joint, extension of MP, PIP & DIP, abduction of the fingers
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • no finger can be fully flexed while others remain extended (dorsal digital expansion)
  • occupies much of the posterior surface of the forearm
  • principal extensor of the 4 fingers
  • joins with extensor indicis as it descends
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13
Q

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle

A

O: common extensor origin on posterior surface of lateral epicondyle & common aponeurosis shared by FCU & FDP
I: medial side of base of 5th metacarpal
A: extension of the radiocarpal joint, ulnar deviation
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • long fusiform muscle
  • separate compartment - synovial tube runs around it
  • acts with ECRL & ECRB to do extensio of radio-carpal joint
  • acts with FCU to do ulnar deviation
  • descends into extensor retinaculum
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14
Q

Supinator Muscle

A

O: (superficial head) lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral ligament & annular ligament; (deep head) supinator crest on ulna (inferior to radial notch)
I: proximal to oblique line on radius & upper 1/3 of radius on lateral surface
A: supination
N: radian nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • deep to cubital fossa with brachialis
  • envelops the neck and proximal shaft of the radius
  • deep branch off radial nerve
  • prime mover for slow supination
  • fibers go from posterior to anterior (spiral)
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15
Q

Anconeus Muscle

A

O: common extensor origin (on posterior aspect of lateral epicondyle)
I: lateral surface of olecranon process & posterior surface of proximal 1/3 of ulna
A: extension of humeral-ulnar joint, assists in stabilizing the radius (during pronation/supination)
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • most medial of the group
  • fibers run medial
  • triangular
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16
Q

Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle

A

O: posterior surface of the distal 1/3 of the ulna, medial aspect of the interosseous membrane
I: posterior aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
A: extension of the CMC, MP & IP joints of the 1st; radial deviation of the 1st
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • own tunnel, own synovial sheath
  • medial to the dorsal tubercle of the radius lister’s tubercle)
  • forms anatomical snuff box
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17
Q

Extensor Pollicis Brevis Muscle

A

O: posterior surface of the distal 1/3 of the radius
I: posterior aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
A: extension of CMC & MP joint of the 1st; radial deviation of the radiocarpal joint; abduction at CMC & MP joints of the 1st
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • distal to Abductor Pollicis Longus
  • part of the anatomical snuff box
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18
Q

Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscle

A

O: posterior aspect of the middle 1/3 of the ulna, medial aspect of the interosseous membrane, posterior surface of the middle 1/3 of the radius
I: lateral surface of the trapezium, lateral surface of the base of the 1st metacarpal
A: supination, flexion of the radio-carpal joint, extension of the CMC joint of the 1st, abduction of the CMC joint of the 1st
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • passes deep to the extensor retinaculum with EPB
  • fibers run lateral
  • tendon splits into 2 to insert
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19
Q

Extensor Digit Minimi Muscle

A

O: common extensor origin (on the posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle)
I: dorsal hood of the 5th metacarpal (at the head of the metacarpal)
A: extension of the MP of the 5th
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • part of extensor digitorum, splits proximally
  • similar to fibularis tertius
  • separate compartment
  • fibers run down, pass under extensor retinaculum
  • tendon is medial to extensor digitorum
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20
Q

Extensor Indicis Muscle

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A

O: posterior surface of the distal 1/3 of the ulna (distal EPL)
I: base of the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx of the 2nd & extensor hood of the 2nd digit
A: adduction of the 2nd, extension of the 2nd (PIP & DIP), extension of the wrist
N: radial nerve (C5-T1)

Notes:

  • medial to EPL
  • narrow, elongated body
  • lies medial to the anatomical snuff box
21
Q

Palmaris Brevis Muscle

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A

O: flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
I: dermis (skin) of the medial side of the hand
A: assists with gripping by pulling on the palmar aponeurosis
N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

Notes:

  • medial side
  • quadrangular shape
  • superficial
  • subcutaneous
  • fibers run transverse
22
Q

Dorsal Interosseous Muscles

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A 
O: adjacent metacarpals (along the groove)
I: base of the proximal phalanx
	- 1 = lateral side of the 2nd
	- 2 = lateral side of the 3rd
	- 3 = medial side of the 3rd
	- 4 = medial side of the 4th
A: 1st = abduction of the 2nd, 2nd = abduction of the 3rd, 3rd = abduction of the 4th, 4th = abduction of the 4th; flexion of the MP joint; extension of the DIP, PIP & IP joints
N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

Notes:
- bipennate muscle

23
Q

Palmar Interossei Muscle

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A

O: anterior surface of the metacarpals (1st/2nd = medial aspect, 4th/5th = lateral aspect)
I: base of the proximal phalanx
- 1st/2nd = medial aspect
- 4th/5th = lateral aspect
A: adduction, flexion of the MCP, extension of the DIP
N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

Notes:
- unipennate muscle (1 head)

24
Adductor Pollicis Muscle
O: (transverse head) anterior surface of the 3rd metacarpal; (oblique head) anterior surface of the base of the 3rd metacarpal & anterior surface of the capitate I: medial sesamoid bone on the base of the 1st metacarpal A: adduction of the thumb, opposition of the thumb N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1) Notes: - triangular - powerful adductor of the thumb - radial artery lies deep
25
Lumbrical Muscles
O: flexor digitorum superficialis - 1st/2nd = lateral side of the FDP tendon - 3rd/4th = lateral & medial side of the FDP tendon I: lateral sides of the extensor hoods (digits 2-5) A: flexion of the MP, extension of the IP joints (DIP & PIP) N: 1st/2nd = medial nerve (C5-T1); 3rd/4th = ulnar nerve (C7-T1) Notes: - 3rd/4th are bipennate, 1st/2nd are unipennate
26
Abductor Pollicis Brevis Muscle
O: flexor retinaculum & tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium I: base of the proxiomal phalanx of the lateral aspect of the 1st digit A: abduction of the thumb N: median nerve (C5-T1) Notes: - most superficial of the group
27
Flexor Pollicis Brevis Muscle
O: (superficial head) flexor retinaculum; (deep head) anterior surface of the trapezium and the capitate I: lateral aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st A:flexion of the MP joint of the thumb N: medial nerve (C5-T1) Notes: - deep to Abductor Pollicis Brevis
28
Opponens Pollicis Muscle
O: anterior surface of the trapezium & flexor retinaculum I: lateral aspect of the base of the 1st metacarpal of the thumb A: opposition of the thumb N: median nerve (C5-T1)
29
Biceps Brachii
O: long head: supraglenoid tubercle; short head: apex of coracoid process I: radial tuberosity on radius; bicipital aponeurosiss and into superificial fascia A: flexion of GH (long head), flexion of humeral-ulnar; supination N: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-7)
30
Coracobrachialis
O: apex of coracoid process I: anteromedial surface of middle 1/2 of shaft of humerus A: flexion of GH, adduction of GH N: musculocutaneous nerve (C5-7)
31
Deltoid
O: anterior fibers: anterior border of lateral 1/3 of clavicle; middle fibers: lateral aspect of acromion; posterior fibers: inferior lip of spine of scapula I: deltoid tuberosity A: abduction of GH joint, flexion of GH joint (anterior fibers only); extension of GH joint (posterior fibers only); external rotation of GH joint (posterior fibers only) N: axillary nerve (C5-6)
32
Infraspinatus
O: medial 2/3 of infraspinatus fossa I: middle facet on greater tubercle of humerus A: stabilizes head of humerus on glenoid cavity; external rotation of GH; adduction of GH; extension of GH; horizontal abduction of GH N: suprascapular nerve (C4-6)
33
Latissimus Dorsi
O: thoracolumbar fascia; posterior 1/3 of iliac crest; spinous processes of T6-L5 & their respective supraspinous ligaments; posterior aspect of ribs 9-12 I: posterior aspect of inferior angle of scapula; medial lip of bicipital groove (just anterior to teres M) A: internal rotation of GH, extension of GH, adduction of GH, downward rotation of scapula, trunk closer to arms (when insertion fixed), anterior rotation of pelvis N: thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
34
Levator Scapulae
O: posterior tubercles on transverse processes of C1-4 I: superior angle of scapula to superior aspect of medial border A: elevate scapula, extension of C-spine (bilaterally), downward rotation of scapula, side flexion of C-spine to same side (unilaterlly) N: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)
35
Pectoralis Major
O: clavicular head; medial 2/3 of superior and anterior aspect of clavicle; sternal head: anterior aspect of manubrium and sternum & costocartilages 1-6; abdominal part: abdominal aponeurosis I: lateral lip of bicipital groove A: clavicular fibers: flexion of GH, interior rotation of GH; sternal fibers: adduction of arm, depressing the shoulder girdle N: clavicular head: lateral pectoral nerve (C5-7); sternal head: medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1) & lateral pectoral nerve (C5-7)
36
Pectoralis Minor
O: superior and anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 near junction to costochondral joints I: anterior, superior aspect of coracoid process A: elevation of ribs 3-5; protraction of scapula; downward rotation of scapula; depression of scapula N: medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)
37
Rhomboid Minor
O: lower part of ligamentum nuchae & spinous process of C7-T1 I: posterior aspect of medial border of scapula (superior to root of spine of scapula) A: abduction of scapula (retraction), downward rotation of scapula, elevation of scapula N: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)
38
Rhomboid Major
O: spinous processes of T2-5 I: posterior aspect of medial border of scapula (below root of spine of scapula & to inferior angle) A: abduction of scapula (retraction); downward rotation of scapula; elevation of scapula N: dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)
39
Serratus Anterior
O: outer and superior surfaces of ribs 1-8 I: anterior surface of scapula on medial border A: protraction of scapula, upward rotation of scapula, elevation of scapula (upper fibers), depression of scapula (lower fibers), forced inhalation N: long thoracic nerve (C5-8)
40
Subclavius
O: costochondral joint of 1st rib I: inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle A: depression of clavicle, anchors clavicle, elevation of rib 1 N: nerve to subclavius (C5-6)
41
Subscapularis
O: medial 2/3 of ventral surface of scapula I: lesser tubercle of humerus A: adduction of GH, internal rotation of GH, stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid cavity N: upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5-7)
42
Supraspinatus
O: medial 2/3 of supraspinus fossa I: most superior facet on greater tubercle of humerus A: abduction of GH, stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid cavity N: suprascapular nerve (C4-6)
43
Teres Major
O: lower 1/3 of lateral border of scapula I: medial lip of bicipital groove A: extension of GH, internal rotation of GH, adduction of GH N: lower subscapular nerve (C5-7)
44
Teres Minor
O: superior 2/3 of lateral border of scapula I: most inferior facet on greater tubercle A: external rotation of GH, adduction of GH, extension of GH, horizontal abduction of GH, stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid cavity N: axillary nerve (C5-6)
45
Trapezius
O: superior nuchal line, occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12 I: upper fibers: lateral 1/3 of clavicle & lateral aspect of acromion process of scapula; middle fibers: medial margin of acromion process & superior lip of spine of scapula; lower fibers: inferior aspect of spine of scapula (closest to root of spine of scapula) A: upper fibers: elevate scapula, extension of C-spine (bilaterally), rotation of head to same side (unilaterally), upward rotation of scapula; middle fibers: retraction of scapula; lower fibers: depression of scapula, upward rotation of scapula N: spinal accessory nerve (XI)
46
Triceps Brachii
O: long head: infraglenoid tubercle on scapula; medial head: inferior to radial groove on posterior aspect of humerus; lateral head: superior to radial groove on posterior aspect of humerus I: common tendon onto olecranon process of ulna A: extension of GH (long head only), adduction of GH (long head only), extension of elbow N: radial nerve (C6-T1)
47
Abductor Digiti Minimi
O: pisiform; flexor capri ulnaris tendon I: medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of 5th A: abduction of 5th N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)
48
Abductor Digiti Minimi Brevis
O: hook of hamate; flexor retinaculum I: anterior aspect of base of proximal phalanx of 5th A: flexion of MP of 5th digit N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)
49
Opponens Digiti Minimi
O: flexor retinaculum, hook of hamate I: palmar surface of 5th metacarpal A: flexion & adduction (opposition) of 5th metacarpal N: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

Anatomy (5 decks)

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