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Anatomy > Upper Extremity: Muscles > Flashcards

Upper Extremity: Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the arm?

and posterior?

A 
ANTERIOR ARM: "BBC"
Coracobrachialis,
Brachialis
Biceps Brachii
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve

POSTERIOR:
Triceps brachii
Innervation: radial nerve

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2
Q

What are the superficial anterior forearm muscles?

Innervation?

A

SUPERFICIAL ANTERIOR FOREARM: “3Fs, 2Ps”

  1. Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar deviation = aDduction of wrist, flexes wrist)
  2. Palmaris longus (some people don’t have it)
  3. Flexor carpi radialis (radial deviation = aBducts wrist!, flexes wrist)
  4. Pronator Teres
  5. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (intermediate superficial muscle)

Innervation: Median nerve, except flexor carpi ulnaris

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3
Q

What are the deep anterior forearm muscles?

Innervation?

A

DEEP ANTERIOR FOREARM: “2Fs, 1P”

  1. Flexor digitorum profundus (median + ulnar nerve)
  2. Flexor Pollicis longus
  3. Pronator quadratus

Innervation: Median nerve

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4
Q

What are the posterior superficial forearm muscles?

Innervation?

A

POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL FOREARM: “5Es, AB”

  1. Extensor carpi ulnaris
  2. Extensor carpi radialis longus
  3. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
  4. Extensor digitorum
  5. Extensor digiti minimi
  6. Anconeus
  7. Brachioradialis (only flexor in posterior forearm!)

Innervation: Radial

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5
Q

What are the deep posterior forearm muscles?

A

DEEP POSTERIOR FOREARM: “3 Es,AS”

  1. Abductor pollicis longus
  2. Extensor pollicis longus
  3. Extensor pollicis brevis
  4. Extensor indices
  5. Supinator

Innervation: Radial

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6
Q

What are intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Which groups of muscles are innervated by the median nerve?

A
  1. Thenar (3)
    - opponens policis
    - flexor policis brevis
    - aBductor pollcis brevis
  2. Hypothenar (3)
    - opponens digiti minimi
    - flexor digiti minimi brevis
    - aBductor digiti minimi brevis
  3. Dorsal interossei (4) = Dorsal does ABduction “DABB”
  4. Palmar interossei (3) = Palmar does ADduction (PAD)
  5. Adductor pollicis (1)
  6. Palmaris brevis (1)
  7. Lumbercles (4)

Median nerve:
1. Thenar
2. Lumbercles
The rest are innervated by ULNAR nerve.

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7
Q

Pronator Teres

A

= MEDIAL boundary of CUBITAL FOSSA, runs between Brachioradialis and Flexor carpi ulnaris
O: 2 Origins (humeral and ulnar heads) = MEDIAL HUMERUS (medial epicondyle of humerus) & CORONOID PROCESS of ULNA
I: RADIUS (lateral side)
A: PRONATES forearm, weakly flexes elbow
N: median nerve

Anterior superficial forearm

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8
Q

Palmaris longus

A

= MEDIAN NERVE IS LATERAL TO PALMARIS LONGUS, not everyone has it

O: MEDIAL HUMERUS = medial epicondyle of humerus
I: palmar aponeurosis (FASCIA of palm)
A: accessory flexor of wrist and elbow
N: median nerve

Anterior superficial forearm

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9
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

= MOST MEDIAL anterior superficial forearm muscle

O: 2 heads = MEDIAL HUMERUS (median epicondyle of humerus), OLECRANON PROCESS at ULNA
I: MEDIAL CARPALS (pisiform + hamate bones + 5th METACARPAL)
A: aDducts WRIST/hand, flexes WRIST, acts together with extensor carpi ulnaris to stabilize wrist during finger extension
N: ulnar nerve (C7, C8)

Anterior superficial forearm

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10
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

Is ulnar nerve lateral to flexor carpi radialis?

A

= MOST LATERAL muscle of anterior superficial forearm, runs diagonally across forearm

O: MEDIAL HUMERUS (medial epicondyle of humerus)
I: base of LATERAL METACARPALS, insertion tendon can be seen, serves as guide for finding radial artery
A: ABducts WRIST/hand = RADIAL DEVIATION of HAND, does hand WAVE, FLEXES WRIST, weak synergist of elbow flexion
N: Median

YES!
Anterior superficial forearm

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11
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

= has split tendons before when enters digits, before PIP of digits 2-5
O: MEDIAL HUMERUS AND RADIUS
I: middle phalanges of digits 2-5
A: flexes digits 2-5 at 2 joints = metacarpal-phalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)
N: median

Anterior superficial forearm

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12
Q

Pronator Quadratus

A 
= DEEPEST muscle in anterior forearm
O: ULNA of forearm and interosseous membrane
I: RADIUS
A: forearm pronation
N: median

Anterior deep forearm

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13
Q

Flexor pollicis longus

A

O: forearm and interosseous membrane
I: phalanx of thumb
A: flexes interphalangeal joint and MCP
N: median

Anterior deep forearm

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14
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A

O: forearm and interosseous membrane
I: distal phalanges of digits 2-5
A: flex DIP (also can flex at PIP, MCP and wrist joint)
N: 1/2 from median AND 1/2 from ulnar

Anterior deep forearm

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15
Q

Brachioradialis

A 
= MUSCLE BULGE on lateral side of forearm, in between Anterior and Posterior Forearm (Use Brachioradialis to orient yourself in posterior forearm)
O: Arm/Humerus
J: lateral elbow 
I: Radius
A: accessory FLEXOR of elbow/forearm
N: radial nerve

Posterior superficial forearm

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16
Q

AnConeus

A 
= small triangular muscle posterior/behind elbow joint
O:
I:
A: accessory extensor
N: radial nerve

Posterior superficial forearm

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17
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

MOST MEDIAL Posterior superficial forearm muscle
O: LATERAL HUMERUS lateral epicondyle of humerus (and posterior border of ulna)
I: MEDIAL METACARPALS (base of 5th metacarpal)
A: aDducts wrists (along w/ flexor carpi ulnaris) EXTENDS wrist (along with extensor carpi radialis),
N: posterior interosseous nerve (branch of RADIAL NERVE)

Posterior superficial forearm

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18
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

= MEDIAL to extensor carpi radialis brevis

O: LATERAL HUMERUS (epicondyle of humerus)
I: by 4 tendons into extensor expansions and distal phalanges of fingers 2-5
A: finger extension, extends wrists, can abduct (flare) fingers
N: posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve (C5,C6)

Posterior superficial forearm

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19
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis

A

= Brevis is DEEP to longus

O: LATERAL HUMERUS (epicondyle)
I: LATERAL metacarpals (brevis to base of third metacarpal and longus to 2nd)
A: ABducts & extends wrist (acts synergistically w/ extensor carpi radialis longus to steady wrist during finger flexion)
N: longus = radial nerve brevis = deep branch of radial nerve

Posterior superficial forearm

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20
Q

Digiti Minimi

A

= Detached part of extensor digitorum
A: extends little finger
N: posterior interosseous nerve of RADIAL nerve

Posterior superficial forearm

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21
Q

Supinator

A

= Wraps around lateral side of elbow

O: 2 heads = LATERAL epicondyle of HUMERUS, Proximal ULNA
I: proximal end of RADIUS
A: assists biceps brachii to supinate forearm, works alone in slow supination, antagonist of pronator muscles
N: posterior interosseous nerve

Posterior deep forearm

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22
Q

What is the tiny muscle arising close to the wrist?

A

Extensor indices in Posterior deep forearm

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23
Q

Abductor pollicis longus

A

= DISTAL to SUPINATOR
O: posterior surface f radius and ulna, interosseous membrane
I: LATERAL METACARPAL of thumb (base of 1st metacarpal) and trapezium
A: aBducts and extends thumb
N: posterior interosseous nerve (RADIAL)

Posterior deep forearm

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24
Q

Extensor pollicis brevis and longus

A

=Deep to extensor carpi ulnaris

O: dorsal shaft of radius and ulna, interosseous membrane
I: base of proximal (brevis) and distal (longus) phalanx of thumb
A: extends joints of thumb
N: posterior interosseous nerve

Posterior deep forearm

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25
Q

Extensor indicis

A

O: posterior surface of distal ulna, interosseous membrane
I: index finger (digit 2), joins tendon of extensor digitorum
A: extends index finger (digit 2), assists in extending wrist
N: posterior interosseous nerve

Posterior deep forearm

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26
Q

Opponens pollices

A

A: opposition of thumb
N: median

Thenar grp of Intrinsic hand

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27
Q

Flexor polices brevis

A

A: flexes thumb at MCP joint
N: median

Thenar grp of Intrinsic hand

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28
Q

Abductor polices brevis

A

A: aBducts thumb at MCP joint
N: median

Thenar grp of Intrinsic hand

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29
Q

Coracobrachialis

Does it only cross 1 joint?

A 
O: CORACOID process of SCAPULA (Common origin: BICEPS BRACHII)
I: Medial Shaft of HUMERUS
J: acts at SHOULDER JOINT TO
A: FLEXES (+ ADducts) HUMERUS/ARM
(Common Action: PEC MAJOR)
N: Musculocutaneous nerve

YES!

Anterior arm

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30
Q

Brachialis

A

Deep to Biceps Brachii

O: Front of humerus
I: Ulna
J: Elbow
A: MAJOR FOREARM FLEXOR = FLEXES FOREARM at ELBOW (can do HINGE actions) against load
N: Musculocutaneous

Anterior arm

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31
Q

Does Biceps Brachii have action at the shoulder joint?

A

Yes, but PRIMARY ACTION is at ELBOW

O: 2 heads = short (coracoid process) and long (travels through intertubercular sulcus)
I: Radius at radial tuberosity
J: Shoulder, Elbow
A: can pivot bec/ attached to radius! so SUPINATION, FLEXES FOREARM at ELBOW (like Brachialis) *Can do hinge & pivot actions
N: MC nerve

Anterior arm

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32
Q

Triceps brachii

A

O: 3 heads on scapula
I: OLECRANON PROCESS of ULNA
A: EXTENDS FOREARM at elbow joint
N: radial nerve

Posterior arm

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33
Q

What’s the small quadrangular muscle over the hypothenar eminence in the hand that improves grip?

A

Palmaris brevis

innervated by ulnar nerve?

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34
Q

What’s the triangular muscle that attaches to proximal phalanx of thumb that adducts the thumb?

A

Adductor pollicis

innervated by ulnar nerve

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35
Q

What are the muscles in the hands between the metacarpals?

A

Interossei (innervated by ulnar nerve):

  1. Dorsal = 4 muscles = “DABB” = abduction of digits 2-4
  2. Palmar = 3 muscles = “PAD” = Adduction of digits 2,4,5
36
Q

What are the 4 muscles extending from tendons of flexor digitorum profundus and attach to tissue on phalanges?

A

Lumbricals:
medial 2 innervated by ulnar nerve,
lateral 2 innervated by median nerve

*of the hand

37
Q

What do lumbricals of the hand do?

A

Flex MCP joint, extend PIP and DIP joint

38
Q

What are the muscles of the thenar group in the hand and what do they do?

A

innervated by median nerve:

  1. Opponens pollicis - opposes thumb
  2. Flexor pollicis brevis - flexes thumb at MCP joint
  3. Abductor pollicis brevis - abducts thumb at MCP joint
39
Q

What are the muscles in the hand that form a bulge of tissue over the lateral palm near the thumb?

A

Thenar eminence

40
Q

What are the muscles in the hypothenar group of the hand? What do they do?

A
  1. Opponens digiti minimi - opposition of digit 5 (pinky)
  2. Flexor digit minimi brevis - flexes pinky at MCP joint
  3. Abductor digiti minimi - abducts pinky
41
Q

What are the muscles in the hand that form a tissue bulge over the medial palm near the little finger (pinky)?

A

Hypothenar eminence

42
Q

Where are the 4 pulse points?

A

axillary
brachial (medial to biceps tendon)
radial
ulnar

43
Q

What are the 2 connected arterial arches formed by the radial and ulnar arteries when they enter the hand?

A

BLOOD SUPPLY TO HAND:
from radial and ulnar arteries that form 2 interconnected arches:
1. Superficial palmar arch,
2. Deep palmar arch

Branches of these arches = Common Digital artery and Proper digital artery both supply the digits

44
Q

What veins drain the hand?

A

Superficial and deep

45
Q

What’s the test for adequate contribution of both the ulnar and radial arteries to the hand?

A

ALLEN’S TEST

46
Q

What is the cutaneous innervation of hand - what nerves innervate the front and back skin of the hand?

A
  1. Palm:
    a. medial palm (1.5 digits) - ulnar nerve
    b. lateral palm - median nerve
  2. Dorsum:
    a. lateral side - radial nerve
    b. medial side (1.5 digits) - ulnar nerve
    c. Tips of digits - median nerve
47
Q

What compartment FLEXES elbow, arm, SUPINATES forearm?

A

ANTERIOR compartment of ARM

Does this at SHOULDER JOINT

48
Q

What compartment EXTENDS the elbow?

A

POSTERIOR compartment of ARM

extends forearm at elbow joint

49
Q

Which compartment FLEXES wrist, fingers and does PRONATION?

A

ANTERIOR FOREARM

50
Q

Which compartment EXTENDS wrist, fingers and SUPINATION?

A

POSTERIOR FOREARM

51
Q

What hand muscles do precision grip?

A

Intrinsic (19) = thenar, hypothenar, lumbercals, dorsal and palmar interossei grps, palmaris brevis, ADductor pollicis
N: median nerve and ulnar nerves

52
Q

Which hand muscles do power grip?

A

Extrinsic (15) = all forearm muscles except for pronators, supinators, Brachioradialis and anconeus!
N: median, ulnar, radial nerves

53
Q

What artery does the axillary nerve travel with in the QUADRANGLE SPACE?

Where is the QUADRANGLE SPACE?
What is DISTAL to QUADRANGLE SPACE?

A

posterior circumflex humeral artery

QUADRANGLE SPACE is between T. Major, T. Minor & Triceps Brachii

DIstal to QUADRANGLE SPACE, Triangular interval

54
Q

The radial nerve comes off of what brachial plexus cord?

A

Posterior cord

55
Q

What travels through the triangular interval?

A

Radial nerve,

profunda brachii artery

56
Q

The anatomical area of cubital fossa contains what from lateral to medial?

A

Tendon of biceps muscle
brachial artery
median nerve

57
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Lateral border: Brachioradialis
Medial border: Pronator Teres
Superior border: imaginary line betw/ epicondyles

58
Q

Where does the ulnar nerve travel behind?

A

Medial epicondyle (so travels POSTERIOR to medial epicondyle)

59
Q

What is the most lateral muscle of the anterior forearm and what does it do?

A

Pronator teres

attaches to radius to pronate forearm

60
Q

What does the CARPAL TUNNEL contain?

A

formed by carpal bones arch and flexor retinaculum:

  1. Tendons of Flexor digitorum profundus
  2. Tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
  3. Tendon of flexor policis longus
  4. Median nerve
61
Q

Does the ulnar artery travel above the flexor retinaculum of the carpal tunnel?

A

YES!

62
Q

Is brachial artery medial to the biceps tendon?

A

YES!

63
Q

The median nerve gets contributions from the lateral and ____ cords of brachial plexus?

A

lateral and MEDIAL cords!

64
Q

The radial nerve passes under what muscle?

A

Brachioradialis

65
Q

What’s the funny bone?

A

Not actually a bone! When you hit your ulnar nerve and causes tingling in fingers!

66
Q

Do all the anterior superficial forearm muscles originate from the medial epicondyle of humerus?

A

YES!

67
Q

All pronators and supinators must attach/insert into ___________?

A

radius! to do pivoting action!

68
Q

Which hand muscles have muscle bellies in forearm and tendons in hand?

A

Extrinsic

69
Q

What apnoneurosis covers the cubital fossa?

A

bicipital aponeurosis of biceps brachii

70
Q

What vein important for blood draws travel over the bicipital aponeurosis of the cubital fossa?

A

Median cubital vein

71
Q

What innervates skin of the anterior forearm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

72
Q

What connects the lateral cephalic vein and medial basilica vein?

A

Median cubital vein

73
Q

Problems with flexion and opposition of thumb/thenar eminence is due to injury to what nerve?

A

Median nerve

Test opposition with: pincer grasp

74
Q

What innervates most muscles in the anterior superficial forearm?

A

median nerve

75
Q

Where do anterior superficial forearm muscles originate?

A

medial side of humerus

76
Q

What is the pathway of the ulnar nerve?

A

in anterior forearm then goes behind medial epicondyle of humerus then goes back into anterior forearm compartment to innervate ultimately 1.5 digits (flexor carpi ulnaris and 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus)

77
Q

What’s in between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis?

A

Palmaris longus

78
Q

Does the pronator teres cross the wrist?

A

No! It attaches to radius, also pronator teres is medial boundary of cubital fossa

79
Q

Which anterior superficial forearm muscle flexes digits (except thumb)?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (intermediate superficial anterior forearm muscle)
*its tendon splits before
I: middle phalanx of hand

80
Q

Which anterior superficial forearm muscle flexes digits (except thumb)?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis (intermediate superficial anterior forearm muscle)
*its tendon splits when it gets to digits behind/before Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)
I: middle phalanx of hand
N: Median Nerve

Moves metacarpal phalangeal joint and proximal interphalangeal joint BUT
does NOT cross distal interphalangeal joint so CANNOT MOVE DISTAL PHALANGES .

81
Q

Which muscle is in between your anterior and posterior forearm compartments?

A

Brachioradialis = considered part of posterior forearm but is accessory flexor of forearm

82
Q

Which deep anterior forearm muscle receives innervation from both median and ulnar nerve?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

83
Q

What is the only posterior superficial forearm muscle that flexes the forearm?

A

Brachioradialis

84
Q

Where is the brevis sandwich?

A

Deep Posterior Forearm compartment

85
Q

What forearm muscles originate from the forearm and interosseous membrane?

A

Anterior Deep Forearm

86
Q

What are the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box and what does it contain?

A

on the sides: Extensor pollicis longus, Extensor pollicis brevis (area of brevis sandwich just w/out aBductor pollicis longus!)

floor: carpal bones = scaphoid, trapezium
contains: radial artery

87
Q

What are the intrinsic hand muscles that run between metacarpals?

A

interossei (Dorsal and palmar)

N: ulnar nerve

Anatomy (8 decks)

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