Upper GI

Question 1

The oral cavity includes the mouth and pharynx, where amylose digests amylose and amylopectin, which are ___________.

Answer 1

Carbohydrates: Starches

Question 2

2 enzymes in the stomach are Gastric lipase and ____.

Answer 2

Pepsin

Question 3

HCl activates _______ into pepsin so that it can digest protein.

Answer 3

Pepsinogen

Question 4

________ LES pressure can increase the risk of GERD because relaxation can allow HCL and other contents to reflux back up.

Answer 4

Decreased

Question 4

T/F: GERD is more chronic than GER.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F; Diagnosis, treatment, and complications of GERD and esophagitis are similar, if not the same.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

T/F: The hiatus separates the esophagus and the stomach, the entire stomach is below the hiatus, but with a hiatal hernia, a portion of the stomach is above the hiatus. This increases the risk of GERD and esophagitis.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

______ gastric emptying can contribute to reflux.

Answer 7

Delayed

Question 8

Extended _______ can damage the lining of the esophagus.

Answer 8

Intubation

Question 8

GERD can progress to esophagitis, esophagitis can progress to _____ ______ which can then progress to esophageal cancer.

Answer 8

Barrett’s esophagitis

Question 9

An ____ GI series is used to diagnose GERD and esophagitis where the patient consumes liquids mixed with Barium. Barium provides a contrast seen on X- rays for physicians to see the contents move through the upper GI tract.

Answer 9

Upper

Question 10

Barrett’s esophagitis is a ____- ________ condition where cells of the esophagus become abnormal.

Answer 10

Pre- cancerous

Question 11

T/F: Stomach ulcers are a potential complication of upper GI disorders.

Answer 11

True

Question 11

T/F: GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is caused by increased LES pressure.

Answer 11

False (GERD is associated with decreased LES pressure)

Question 12

Diagnosis of upper GI disorders may involve imaging techniques like endoscopy.

Answer 12

True

Question 12

T/F: Smoking can increase the risk of upper GI disorders, specifically GERD as it decreases LES pressure.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with decreased LES pressure?

A) GERD
B) Celiac disease
C) Peptic ulcer disease
D) Crohn’s disease

Answer 13

A) GERD

Question 14

What is a common symptom of upper GI disorders?

A) Heartburn
B) Constipation
C) Jaundice
D) Hemorrhoids

Answer 14

A) Heartburn

Question 15

Which of the following is a common diagnostic tool for upper GI disorders?

A) MRI
B) Endoscopy
C) Ultrasound
D) Colonoscopy

Answer 15

B) Endoscopy

Question 16

For managing GERD through medical nutrition therapy, which of the following foods is recommended to be limited?

A) Leafy greens
B) Spicy foods
C) Whole grains
D) Lean meats

Answer 16

B) Spicy foods

Question 16

T/F: Proton pump inhibitors decrease the production of acid from the parietal cells in the stomach, resulting in less damage to the esophagus.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

T/F: Histamine usually stimulates the acid production from parietal cells in the stomach, H2 blockers block histamines affect on the stomach cells to decrease acid production.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T/F: H2 blockers such as Zantac, Pepcid, and tagment are intended for long-term use.

Answer 18

False, short term

Question 19

T/F: PPIs such as Prilosec, Protonix, and Nexium are intended for short-term use.

Answer 19

False, long term

Question 20

T/F: Antacids decrease acid in the stomach and are used to treat GERD

Answer 20

False, they buffer acid in the stomach and are used for occasional heartburn

Question 21

T/F: Pro-kinetic agents such as reglan/metoclopramide, delay gastric emptying

Answer 21

False, pro-kinetics promote gastric emptying, they help contents of the stomach to exit fast to prevent contents from refluxing back up.

Question 22

If medicine doesn't work for GERD and esophagitis symptoms, __________ may be done, which is a surgery that wraps the upper part of the stomach around the lower part of the esophagus to prevent stomach contents from refluxing back up.

Answer 22

Fundoplication

Question 23

Dietary changes such as avoiding chocolate, mint, tomatoes, caffeine, alcohol, and high _____ meals, are recommended for patients with GERD and esophagitis

Answer 23

Fat

Question 24

T/F: Chocolate and mint relax the LES pressure, which should be avoided with GERD and esophagitis.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

T/F: Laying down after eating is recommended for GERD and esophagitis patients.

Answer 25

False, Staying upright is recommend

Question 26

H. Pylori is a bacteria _______ to the acid in the stomach.

Answer 26

Resistant

Question 26

Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach and the primary cause is a ______ infection, which is why an antibody test should be the first test conducted on someone with gastritis.

Answer 26

H. Pylori

Question 27

Complications of gastritis include atrophy of parietal cells resulting in ________ due to decreased stomach acid production.

Answer 27

Achlorhydria

Question 28

T/F: Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells in the stomach and is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine, gastritis can inhibit this process.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Diagnosis of gastritis include an endoscopy and an H Pylori ______ test.

Answer 29

Antibody

Question 29

Treatment of gastritis include avoiding mucosal irritants such as NSAID's, but also antibiotics for H. Pylori infection or _____ to temporarily decrease stomach acid production to decrease infection.

Answer 29

PPI's

Question 30

____ and ____ should be supplemented with gastritis since they require acidic environments to be absorbed.

Answer 30

Iron and B2

Question 31

Omega 3 fatty acids and ______ can also be used to treat gastritis as they can decrease inflammation.

Answer 31

Probiotics

Question 32

______ infection is one of the most common cause of ulcers.

Answer 32

H. pylori

Question 33

Complications of ulcers include anemia through _______.

Answer 33

Hemmorrrhage

Question 34

T/F: Peptic ulcers only include the stomach.

Answer 34

False, both stomach and duodenum can have peptic ulcers

Question 35

T/F: Diagnosis of gastritis is an endoscopy.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Treatment of gastritis would be antibiotics if an H pylori infection, a PPI, or a sucralfate to _____ the pepsin activity of the stomach.

Answer 36

Decrease

Question 37

T/F: Spicy foods, coffee and alcohol cause ulcers.

Answer 37

False, they can irritate ulcers

Question 38

Any gastric surgery can cause _______ syndrome which is a condition where fluids or food move too quickly into the duodenum from the stomach.

Answer 38

Dumping

Question 39

Early dumping syndrome is between 10- ___ minutes of eating and can cause abdominal fullness and nausea because the fluid shifts from the blood stream to the bowels.

Answer 39

30

Question 40

Intermediate dumping syndrome is between 30- 1 hour of eating and cause cramps, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea primarily due to ________, because contents are moving too quickly and are not all the way digested and absorbed.

Answer 40

Malabsorption

Question 41

Late dumping syndrome is between 1- ____ hours of eating and can cause reactive hypoglycemia due to causing a quick spike in blood sugar and an overactive insulin response, resulting in low blood sugar.

Answer 41

3

Question 42

Treatment of dumping syndrome is acarbose to delay CHO absorption and orecotide to inhibit ____ release.

Answer 42

Insulin

Question 43

T/F: Lying down after meals is recommended for dumping syndrome to delay gastric emptying.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

T/F: Eating small meals spread throughout the day can improve absorption and reduce fluid shifts in people with dumping syndrome.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

T/F: Secondary lactose intolerance is commonly developed after gastric surgeries, so lactose may cause issues in individuals with dumping syndrome.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

T/F: Fiber intake should be minimized entirely for people with dumping syndrome.

Answer 46

False (Fibrous foods are included but caution is advised with large particles or supplements)

Question 47

T/F: A diet high in protein and low in fat is recommended for managing dumping syndrome.

Answer 47

False (Moderate-fat foods are recommended along with high protein)

Question 48

T/F: Concentrated sweets, such as juices and cakes, are generally well tolerated by individuals with dumping syndrome.

Answer 48

False (Only very small quantities of hypertonic, concentrated sweets should be ingested)

Question 49

T/F: Drinking large amounts of liquids with meals is advised to slow down GI transit.

Answer 49

False (Large amounts of liquids with meals can hasten GI transit)

Question 50

In gastroparesis the food stays in the stomach, which can be caused by ____ infection, diabetes and surgery.

Answer 50

Viral

Question 51

To diagnose gastroparesis, ___________ is preferred over endoscopy because it determines the rate of stomach emptying over a 4-hour period.

Answer 51

Scintigraphy