Upper GI Tract Pathology

Question 1

diseases of the upper GI tract can cause

Answer 1

retrosternal discomfort

pain

indigestion

Question 2

what is oesophageal reflux?

Answer 2

reflux of gastric acid into the oesophagus

Question 3

hiatus hernia

Answer 3

the stomach bulges up into the chest through the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

Question 4

oesophageal reflux involves the thickening of….

Answer 4

squamous epithelium

Question 5

ulceration of the oesophagus can occur when there is severe

Answer 5

reflux

Question 6

complication of oesophageal reflux can include

Answer 6

healing by fibrosis

(stricture formation, impaired oesophageal motility, obstructions)

barrett’s oesophagus

Question 7

barretts oesophagus

Answer 7

pre malignant condition that is a type of metaplasia

transformation from squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

Question 8

oesophageal cancer is linked with

Answer 8

environmental factors

Question 9

two histological types of oesophageal cancer

Answer 9

squamous carcinoma

adenocarcinoma

Question 10

adenocarcinoma in oesophageal cancer develops from

Answer 10

barretts oesophagus

Question 11

risk factors for oesophageal cancer (SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA)

Answer 11

smoking

alcohol

dietary carcinogens

Question 12

risk factors for oesophageal cancer (ADENOCARCINOMA)

Answer 12

barretts metaplasia

obesity

Question 13

3 local effects of oesophageal cancer include:

Answer 13

obstruction

ulceration

perforation

Question 14

spread of oesophageal cancer can be through

Answer 14

direct (to surrounding structures)

lymphatic (regional lymph nodes)

Blood (liver)

Question 15

prognosis of oesophageal cancer is very ….. it has a ….. year survival rate

Answer 15

poor

5

Question 16

3 types of gastritis pathology (ABC)

Answer 16

autoimmune (type A)

Bacterial (type B)

Chemical injury (type C)

Question 17

Autoimmune gastritis

Answer 17

organ-specific autoimmune disease

Question 18

Autoimmune gastritis involves the atrophy (wasting away) of

Answer 18

specialised acid secreting gastric epithelium

Question 19

the loss of specialised gastric epithelial cells in autoimmune gastritis results in…

Answer 19

decreases acid secretion

loss of intrinsic factors (vitamin B12 deficiency - anaemia)

Question 20

most common type of gastritis is

Answer 20

bacterial

Question 21

bacterial gastritis is related to

Answer 21

helicobacter pylori

Question 22

helicobacter pylori is a

Answer 22

gram negative bacteria

Question 23

where is helicobacter pylori found?

Answer 23

gastric mucus on the surface of gastric epithelium

Question 24

What does helicobacter pylorus do?

Answer 24

produces acute and chronic inflammatory response

increases acid production

Question 25

chemical gastritis is a result of an increase in

Answer 25

drugs (NSAIDS) alcohol bile reflux

Question 26

what is peptic ulceration?

Answer 26

imbalance between acid secretion and the mucosal barrier

Question 27

peptic ulceration affects what organs?

Answer 27

oesophagus (lower part) stomach (body and antrum) duodenum (1st and 2nd parts)

Question 28

peptic ulceration is usually related to H.pylori due to it...

Answer 28

increasing gastric acid production

Question 29

complication of peptic ulceration include

Answer 29

bleeding (acute gives haemorrhage and chronic give anaemia) perforation (peritonitis) Healing by fibrosis (obstruction)

Question 30

gastric cancer develops though phases of

Answer 30

intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia

Question 31

gastric cancer is associated with previous infections with

Answer 31

H.pylori

Question 32

histology of gastric cancer is an...

Answer 32

adenocarcinoma

Question 33

the spread of stomach (gastric) cancer can be...

Answer 33

direct (to surrounding structures) lymphatic (regional lymph nodes) Blood (liver) transcoelomic spread (spread within the peritoneal cavity)

Question 34

prognosis of stomach cancer is very ...... - patients have a .... year survival rate

Answer 34

poor 5