Upper limb 1

Question 1

what makes up the anterior wall of the axilla

Answer 1

the pectorals major and minor

Question 2

what makes up the posterior wall of the axilla

Answer 2

the latissimus dorsi

Question 3

what makes up the medial wall of the axilla

Answer 3

the serrated anterior

Question 4

what makes up the lateral wall of the axilla

Answer 4

the head of the humerus

Question 5

when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

Answer 5

at the lateral border of the first rib

Question 6

when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery

Answer 6

at the inferior border of the teres major muscle

Question 7

what structures do the axillary lymph nodes drain

Answer 7

the arm and the lateral breast

Question 8

what makes up the brachial plexus

Answer 8

the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

Question 9

what are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus

Answer 9

the upper, middle and lower trunk

Question 10

what name is given to damage to the upper trunk

Answer 10

Erb’s palsy

Question 11

what are the clinical signs if someone has damaged the upper trunk of the brachial plexus

Answer 11

medially rotated arm and flexed wrist (waiter’s tip position)

Question 12

what are the causes of Erb’s palsy

Answer 12

damage to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus - can be caused be a fall on the shoulder, hyperextension of the shoulder or shoulder dystocia

Question 13

what name is given to damage to the lower trunk

Answer 13

Klumpke’s palsy

Question 14

what are the clinical signs of someone has damaged the lower trunk of their brachial plexus

Answer 14

claw hand - the flexors of the wrist and fingers are affected as well as the intrinsic muscles of the hand

Question 15

what are the cords of the brachial plexus

Answer 15

the lateral, medial and posterior

Question 16

describe the formation of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

Answer 16

the superior branches of the upper and middle trunk

Question 17

describe the formation of the medial cord of the brachial plexus

Answer 17

the superior branch of the middle trunk

Question 18

describe the formation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

Answer 18

the inferior branch of the upper, middle and lower trunks

Question 19

what are the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

Answer 19

musculocutaneous, lateral aspect o the median nerve and the lateral aspect of the pectoral nerve

Question 20

what are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus

Answer 20

lateral aspect of the median and pectoral nerves and the ulnar nerve

Question 21

what are the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

Answer 21

axillary, radial, sub scapular and thoracodorsal

Question 22

name the vein that connects the basilic to the cephalic in the arm

Answer 22

median cubital

Question 23

what dermatome covers the thumb

Answer 23

C6

Question 24

what dermatome covers the middle/long finger

Answer 24

C7

Question 25

what dermatome covers the little finger

Answer 25

C8

Question 26

what are the dermatomes of the arm that do not cover any of the fingers

Answer 26

C5 and T1

Question 27

what type of joint is the stenoclavicular joint

Answer 27

synovial saddle

Question 28

where is the clavicle the weakest

Answer 28

1/3rd of the way in from the acromion

Question 29

what does the clavicle articulate with laterally

Answer 29

the acromion

Question 30

what is the most lateral aspect of the scapula

Answer 30

the acromion

Question 31

what type of joint is the acromion-clavicular joint

Answer 31

synovial plane

Question 32

what muscles elevate the scapula

Answer 32

the upper fibres of the trapezius and the elevator scapulae

Question 33

what muscles depress the scapula

Answer 33

the inferior fibres of the trapezius

Question 34

what muscles protract the scapula

Answer 34

the serrated anterior

Question 35

what muscles retract the scapula

Answer 35

middle trapezius and rhomboids

Question 36

what muscles cause upwards rotation of the scapula

Answer 36

the upper and middle fibres of the trapezius

Question 37

what muscles cause downward rotation of the scapula

Answer 37

the rhomboids and elevator scapulae

Question 38

name the 4 rotator cuff muscles

Answer 38

supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor and the subscapularis

Question 39

what is the role of the rotator cuff muscles

Answer 39

to stabilise the shoulder joint

Question 40

what type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

Answer 40

ball and socket

Question 41

what is the role of the glenoid labrum

Answer 41

to stabilise the shoulder joint by increasing the surface area of the glenoid cavity

Question 42

what ligament prevents the head of the humerus dislocating superiorly

Answer 42

the dorado-acromial ligament

Question 43

in which direction is the shoulder joint most likely to dislocate

Answer 43

anteriorly

Question 44

name the bursae that communicates with the glen-humeral joint

Answer 44

the subscapularis

Question 45

what nerve innervates the deltoid

Answer 45

axillary

Question 46

what movements does the deltoid carry out

Answer 46

anterior fibres - medial rotation middle fibres - abduction posterior fibres - lateral rotation

Question 47

what are the actions of the pectorals major muscle

Answer 47

medial rotation of the shoulder and adduction of the arm

Question 48

what vein sits between the pectorals major and the deltoid and what is the clinical relevance of this vein

Answer 48

the cephalic vein - this is used for central lines

Question 49

what is the action of the serratous anterior

Answer 49

protraction of the scapula

Question 50

damage to which nerve will result in paralysis of the serrated anterior

Answer 50

long thoracic nerve

Question 51

damage to which nerve causes winged scapula

Answer 51

long thoracic nerve

Question 52

what is the innervation of the trapezius muscle

Answer 52

CN XI

Question 53

what are the actions of the teres major and the teres minor

Answer 53

the teres major medially rotates the arm and the teres minor laterally rotates it