Upper Limb Projections

Question 1

Standard hand projections

Answer 1

PA

PA oblique

Question 2

PA Hand settings

Answer 2

3rd MCP joint
45
2.5

Question 3

PA Oblique Hand settings

Answer 3

3rd MCP joint
45
2.5

Question 4

Supplementary hand projections

Answer 4

PA both hands
Lateral
Norgaard

Question 5

What is PA both hands used for?

Answer 5

Metabolic diseases and Arthritis

Question 6

Use of Norgaard

Answer 6

RA

Question 7

Lateral Hand postitioning

Answer 7

2nd MCP joint
50
4.5

Question 8

Norgaard positioning

Answer 8

AP
45 deg Int rotation
C: in-between hands at MCP joints
45
2.5

Question 9

Standard finger projections

Answer 9

PA
PA Oblique
Lateral

Question 10

PA Finger Positioing

Answer 10

PA
PIP joint
42
2

Question 11

PA finger oblique

Answer 11

45 degree rotation, radial side elevated
PIP
42
2

Question 12

Finger lateral

Answer 12

2nd and 3rd = radial aspect on plate
4th and 5th = ulna aspect on plate
PIP
42
2

Question 13

Thumb Projections

Answer 13

AP/PA
PA Oblique
Lateral

Question 14

AP thumb positioning

Answer 14

Internal rotation of hand to give clear projection of thumb
MCP joint
42
2

Question 15

PA thumb positioning

Answer 15

Ulna side in contact with plate
thumb immobilised
MCP joint
42
2

Question 16

Standard kVp and mAs for fingers and thumb

Answer 16

42

2

Question 17

PA thumb oblique postioing

Answer 17

Place hand palm down in natural position
MCP joint
42
2

Question 18

Thumb lateral positioing

Answer 18

from PA oblique , raise fingers by rolling hand onto radial aspect
MCP joint
42
2

Question 19

Standard Wrist projections

Answer 19

PA
PA oblique
LAteral

Question 20

PA wrist position

Answer 20

fingers slightly curled
forearm flat on plate
C: midway between radial and ulna styloid processes
50
2.8

Question 21

PA oblique wrist position

Answer 21

45 deg rotation (radial side elevated)
C: midway between radial and ulna styloid processes
50
3.2

Question 22

Lateral wrist position

Answer 22

SI both styloid processes
Thumb in PA position
Radial side elevated
C: radial styloid
55
3.6

Question 23

Standard Scaphoid projections

Answer 23

PA (ulna deviation)
PA Oblique (Ulna deviation)
Lateral (ulna devation)
Stecher

Question 24

Stecher view positioning

Answer 24

PA (ulna deviation)
C: 2cm distal and medial to radial styloid
20 deg beam angulation
can be done at various angles 5,10,15,20,25,30

Question 25

Additional scaphoid projection

Answer 25

Macroradiography | Decrease FFD and increase ODD

Question 26

Standard Forearm projections

Answer 26

AP | Lateral

Question 27

AP forearm postion

Answer 27

WES C: middle of fore arm 50 3.6

Question 28

Lateral forearm position

Answer 28

``` WES SI styloid processes digits and thumb in AP position C: middle of forearm 52 4 ```

Question 29

What can be done if the 2 standard forearm projections are unavailable due to present pathology?

Answer 29

PA Wrist with Lateral Elbow and Lateral Wrist with AP | Elbow. (Modified Forearm Series)

Question 30

Standard elbow projections

Answer 30

AP AP external oblique Lateral

Question 31

AP elbow position

Answer 31

WES C: midway between humeral epicondyles 50 4

Question 32

AP external oblique elbow position

Answer 32

``` WES 40-45 deg ext rotation (ulna side up) C: midway between humeral epicondyles 50 4.5 ```

Question 33

Lateral elbow position

Answer 33

``` WES flex elbow to 90 deg Ulna aspect in contact with plate (will SI styloid processes) or hand PA and elevated off table C: lat epicondyle 52 4 ```

Question 34

Additional elbow views

Answer 34

elbow in partial flexion | radial head Capitulum view

Question 35

Elbow partial flexion position

Answer 35

same as AP elbow but forearm is lifted up and away from imaging plate. C: over elbow joint OR forearm in contact but humerus elevated away from imaging plate

Question 36

Radial head capitulum view

Answer 36

same as lateral elbow but angle ray 45 degree medially (towards patient shoulder)