Upper motor neurones and control of movement Flashcards
Motor control hierarchy involved which three levels?
High level- strategy
Middle level- tactics
Low- execution
Which structures are responsible for strategy in motor control?
Neocortical association areas, Basal Ganglia
Which structures are responsible for tactics in motor control?
Motor cortex, Cerebellum
Which structures are responsible for execution in motor control?
Brain stem, spinal cord
Describe strategy in motor control
What is the aim of the movement? How can it best be achieved?
What are the tactics involved in motor control?
What sequence of muscle contractions and relaxations in time and space will fulfil the strategic aim
What is involved in execution of motor control?
Activation of motor pools and interneurone pools that command the desired movement and make essential postural adjustments
Controlled movements of the body (motor control) are initiated/influenced by (2)?
Multiple sensory inputs
A need to move using internal mechanisms
Descending spinal tracts arise from ______ _____ and _____ ____
Descending spinal tracts arise from cerebral cortex and brain stem
Descending spinal tracts are concerned with;
_____ of movement
_______ tone
_____ reflexes
spinal _______ functions
_______ of sensory transmission to _____ centres
Descending spinal tracts are concerned with;
control of movement
muscle tone
spinal reflexes
spinal autonomic functions
modulation of sensory transmission to higher centres
What are the two important pathway divisions in descending spinal tracts?
Lateral and ventromedial
Lateral pathways are under control from the ______ _____.
They are important for ________ control of distal ________, partially discrete, ______ movements (hands and fingers)
Lateral pathways are under control from the cerebral cortex.
They are important for voluntary control of distal musculature, partially discrete, skilled movements (hands and fingers)
Lateral pathways include;
Lateral corticospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Ventromedial pathways are under control from the ______ and are important for the control of _______ and ________.
Ventromedial pathways are under control from the brainstem and are important for the control of posture and locomotion.
The ventromedial pathways include;
- pontine reticulospinal tract
- medullary reticulospinal tract
- lateral vestibulospinal tract
- tectospinal tract
- ventral corticospinal tract
The major lateral pathway is the _______ (or _____) tract
The major lateral pathway is the corticospinal (or pyramidal) tract
The corticospinal tract is one of the ______ and ____ CNS tracts
The corticospinal tract is one of the longest and largest CNS tracts
Cell bodies of the CST are located in?
The motor cortex (BA4 and BA6) and somatosensort areas of the parietal cortex
Axons of the CST course to the base of the ______ forming a tract- the _________ pyramid
Axons of the CST course to the base of the medulla forming a tract- the medullary pyramid
Most fibres of the CST cross at the ________ ________ to form the _______ ______ _____- remainder stay ipsilateral to form the _______ ________ _____ and decussate more caudally
Most fibres of the CST cross at the pyramidal decussation to form the lateral corticospinal tract- remainder stay ipsilateral to form the ventral corticospinal tract and decussate more caudally
Axons of the CST terminate where?
In the dorsolateral region of the ventral horn and intermediate grey.
Irrespective of the level of decussation of the CST fibres, _____ hemisphere controls _____ musculature
Irrespective of the level of decussation of the CST fibres, left hemisphere controls right musculature
The rubrospinal tract is _________ older than the CST
The rubrospinal tract is phylogenetically older than the CST
Cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract are located where?
Where does the input come from?
In the red nucleus
Input is from the motor cortex and the cerebellum
