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!Food And Fiber Medicine (Large Animal) > Upper Resp. Tract Dz > Flashcards

Upper Resp. Tract Dz Flashcards

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1
Q

Nasal trauma and fractures

A

Of facial bones, sinuses and turbinates
Caused by fighting, improper restraint and passage of excessively large nasogastric tubes

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2
Q

CS of severe fractures

A

Facial swelling, SQ emphysema, airflow obstruction, stertorous breathing, epistaxis
Secondary bacteria infection (foul breath, mucopurulent nasal discharge)

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3
Q

DX fractures

A

CS and rads

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4
Q

Tx of fractures

A

Sx if severe or breathing compromised
Prophylactic abx (PPG)
NSAIDs (flunixin meglumine)

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5
Q

Differentials for nasal fractures

A

Acute swelling and breathing: snakebite, actinobacillosis, actinomycosis and cellulitis (clostridium, fusobacterium)

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6
Q

Nasal FB

A

Lodged in the nose from scratching nose in atopic rhinitis and aggressive eating habits

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7
Q

Are cattle or small ruminants more prone to get FBs?

A

Cattle!

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8
Q

CS of nasal FBs

A

Irritation from the object→head shaking, sneezing, snorting, frequent nose licking, unilateral discharge or foul breath or ↓ airflow

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9
Q

Dx nasal FBs

A

CS, endoscopy

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10
Q

Differentials for nasal FBs

A

Atopic rhinitis, fungal granuloma, nasal actinobacillosis or actinomycosis
Bots (sheep)

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11
Q

Tx for nasal FBs

A

Manual or trans-endoscopic removal

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12
Q

Nasal tumors and polyps

A

Rare in ruminants (SCC, OSA, and adenocarcinoma)
Cattle (ethmoid adenocarcinoma, unilateral metastasize to LNs and lungs 6-9y)
Sheep (nasal adenocarcinoma in young sheep)

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13
Q

CS for nasal tumors/ polyps

A

Progressive airway obstruction, distortion of facial bones
Dyspnea, stridor, head shaking, nasal discharge, sneezing, epistaxis, foul breath odor,

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14
Q

Dx nasal tumors/ polyps

A

CS, endoscopy, bx/cytology

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15
Q

Differentials of nasal tumors/ polyps

A

Fungal granuloma, FB, sinusitis, fracture, nasal actinobacillosis or acitnomycosis
Bots (sheep)

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16
Q

Tx for nasal tumors/ polyps

A

SX

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17
Q

Allergic atopic rhinitis

A

Plant pollen or fungal spore presents allergen/ Ags → Ab (IgE) develops → type 1 (immediate) hypersenitivity reaction

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18
Q

Chr. allergen exposure (allergic rhinitis)

A

Leads to chr. tissue damage (mast cell enzymes) → hyperplasia and granulomatous inflamm. (enzootic nasal granuloma)

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19
Q

Which animals are most susceptible to allergic atopic rhinitis

A

Guernsey and Holstein, Jersey
Animals >2y
Warm moist conditions

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20
Q

CS of allergic atopic dermatitis

A

Sneezing, intense nasal pruritus, profuse bilateral mucoid nasal discharge
Enzootic nasal granulomas (white nodules/ flat pink plaques)

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21
Q

Dx allergic atopic dermatitis

A

CS, endoscopy, cytology and cx

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22
Q

Differentials for allergic atopic dermatitis

A

Fungal granuloma, tumor, FB, resp. virus, nasal actinobacillosis or actinomycosis

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23
Q

TX and control for allergic atopic dermatitis

A

Remove allergen or remove animal
Anti-inflamms (dexmeth)

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24
Q

Congenital cystic nasal turbinates in cattle

A

Developmental anomaly where nasal conchae don’t communicate with the nasal cavity then fill with white fluid

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25
CS of congenital cystic nasal turbinates
At birth animal has short convex nasal bones, tachypnea, stridor, ↓ airflow and mouth breathing
26
Dx congenital cystic nasal turbinates
CS, endoscopy, rads and cytology
27
Tx of Congenital cystic nasal turbinates
surgical removal of chonchae
28
Sinusitis
Bacterial inflamm. of the paranasal sinuses Most common in cattle and frontal or maxillary sinus
29
How is sinusitis developed
Dehorning or injury to the horns (frontal sinus) or infected cheek teeth (maxillary) Actinomyces pyogenes and pasteurella multocida Bots in sheep
30
CS of sinusitis
Anorexia and fever initially, then nasal discharge, stridor, foul breath Discharge/ pus from dehorning site Head tilt
31
Dx sinusitis
CS, percussion, sinus centesis, cytology and cx, rads
32
Differentials of sinusitis
Facial fracture Nasal tumor Actinobacillosis Actinomycosis
33
Tx of sinusitis
Sinusotomy via trephining + flushing and draining Sinus flushed daily with dilute antiseptic Parenteral abx and NSAIDs
34
Controlling sinusitis
Dehorn early Avoid dehorning during raining or dusty conditions, fly control and bandage if needed
35
Pharyngeal trauma
Caused by balling guns, dosing syringes, stomach tubes, mouth speculums, rough feeds, foreign objects
36
What leads to abscess formation?
Bacterial inflammation (Actinomyces, actinobacillus, pasteurella)
37
CS of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
*Profuse salivation, reluctance to swallow solid food, Mucopurulent to hemorrhagic nasal discharge, swelling on palpation* Dyspnea, extended neck, foul odor, dehydration
38
Dx of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
CS, visual examination with speculum and flashlight
39
Differentials of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
Rabies, actinobacillosis, necrotic laryngitis, laryngeal trauma/ abscess/ tumor
40
TX of pharyngeal trauma/ abscess
Lance and flush with speculum Systemic abx and NSAIDs
41
Laryngeal obstruction
Caused by abscesses, granulomas, papillomas, trauma (smoke inhalation/ anaphylactic rx), edema and FBs
42
The resp. system is the main target organ for ___________ in ruminants
Anaphylaxis
43
CS of laryngeal obstruction
Dyspnea, mouth breathing, stertorous breathing, extended neck, excessive salivation, cyanosis
44
DX laryngeal obstruction
CS, endoscopy, rads
45
Differentials of laryngeal obstruction
Necrotic laryngitis, abscess, actinobacillosis, tumors
46
Tx of laryngeal obstruction
NSAIDs, epinephrine, tracheostomy in severe cases Sx or trans-endoscopic removal of FBs
47
Laryngeal abscess
Abscessation of arytenoid cartilages caused by actinomyces pyogenes (secondary to trauma) Reported in calves and sheep
48
CS of laryngeal abscesses
Tachypnea, extended neck, cyanosis, dyspnea with marked stertor over larynx
49
Dx laryngeal abscess
CS, endoscopy, cytology and cx and rads (soft tissue swelling around larynx)
50
Tx of laryngeal abscess
Tracheostomy, abx, NSAIDs Guarded prognosis unless tx in early stages
51
Laryngeal granuloma
Feedlot cattle Originate from chr. laryngeal contact ulcers
52
Laryngeal papillomas
Caused by papovirus entering laryngeal contact ulcers Common in feedlot Forms pedunculated yellow growths over the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages
53
Tracheal FBs
Inhaled foreign objects lodged in the trachea, and obstruct it
54
CS of tracheal FBs
Chr. cough, inspiratory dyspnea, stridor over trachea, extended neck, open mouth breathing and excess salivation
55
Tracheal stenosis, collapse, stricture CS
Prolonged inspiratory phase of respiration with honking cough is characteristic Collapsed trachea
56
Tx of tracheal stenosis, collapse, stricture
External or internal prosthesis
57
Tracheal edema syndrome (tracheal stenosis in feedlot cattle/ honker cattle) forms
Acute dyspnea: heavy feedlot cattle in latter 2/3s of feeding period, summer, southern plains Chr. cough: lighter cattle, sporadic, western plains
58
CS of acute dyspnea
Acute onset of dyspnea, local guttural inspiratory sounds over lower trachea, extended neck, open mouth breaking, cyanosis
59
CS of chr. cough
Frequent deep hacking non-productive cough, animal unthrifty but otherwise normal in appearance
60
Dx of acute dyspnea
Endematous thickening of mucosa and submucosa of dorsal trachea Tracheal bifurcation with hemorrhage
61
Dx of chr. cough
Hyperemia, occasional polyps and cobblestone appearance of mucosa of cd. third of trachea Thin layer of mucopurulent exudate
62
Tx for acute dyspnea
Abx, corticosteroids, stress management (prevent overcrowding, provide shade)

!Food And Fiber Medicine (Large Animal) (10 decks)

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