Upper Respiratory Infections Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
group of disorders characterized by inflammation and irritation of the nasal mucous membranes. •acute or chronic •nonallergic or allergic (AR)
A
Rhinitis
2
Q
Rhinitis during pollen seasons
A
Seasonal Rhinitis
3
Q
Rhinitis throughout the year
A
Perennial Rhinitis
4
Q
- changes in temperature
- odors
- infection
- age
- systemic disease
- use of OTC/prescribed nasal decongestants
- presence of foreign body
A
Rhinitis Etiology
5
Q
- pruritus of the nose
- rhinorrhea (large amount of fluid drain from the nose)
- sneezing
- teary eyes
A
Symptoms of Rhinitis
6
Q
- nuts
- shellfish
- eggs
- milk
- penicillin
- aspirin
- drugs with potential allergic reaction
A
Allergens for Rhinitis
7
Q
Symptomatic treatment
A
Rhinitis Medical Management
8
Q
- antihistamines (most common)
- corticosteroid nasal spray
- saline nasal spray (mild decongestant)
- oral decongestants (for nasal obstruction)
- antimicrobial agents (bacteria)
A
Rhinitis Pharmacologic therapy
9
Q
- avoid/reduce exposure to allergens/irritants
- medication health teachings
- hand hygiene technique
- emphasize the importance of flu vaccination
- keep head upright and spray quickly (spray away from the nasal septum)
- close one nostril while spraying and wait for at least a minute to spray the other
- blow and keep the nose clean before putting on any medication
A
Education
10
Q
- Most frequent viral infection and most common cause of non-allergic rhinitis.
- Self limiting
A
Viral rhinitis (common cold)
11
Q
- nasal congestion
- rhinorrhea
- sneezing
- sore throat
- general malaise
- nasal discharge
- rhinorrhea
- watery eyes
- chills
- sore throat
- halitosis
A
Viral Rhinitis Manifestation
12
Q
adequate fluid intake and rest
A
Viral rhinitis self care
13
Q
- antihistamines
- expectorants
A
Symptomatic therapy
14
Q
Rebound rhinitis
- overuse of topical nasal decongestants (ND)
- ND should not be used for more than 3-5 days in a row
A
Rhinitis Medicamentosa
15
Q
- feeling congested shortly after using a nasal spray
- strong urge to use the spray/drops more number of times than recommended
- feeling that the ND doesn’t work well enough despite using it several x in a day
A
Rhinitis Medicamentosa
Clinical Presentation
16
Q
- turbinate hyperplasia
- chronic sinusitis
- septal perforation
A
Rhinitis Medicamentosa Complications
17
Q
Permanent swelling of the nasal tissues
A
Turbinate Hyperplasia
18
Q
Hole in the nasal septum (divides the nose)
A
Septal Perforation
19
Q
- hand hygiene
- cough etiquette
A
Rhinitis Medicamentosa
Educate about Self-care
20
Q
- stop nasal spray
- oral steroids
- intranasal steroid spray
- oral antihistamine
- surgery (turbine reduction/ septal perforation repair)
A
Rhinitis Medicamentosa Management
21
Q
- formerly called sinusitis
- inflammation of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavities
- bacterial or viral
A
Rhinosinusitis
22
Q
Acute (<4 weels)
- Subacute (4-12 weeks)
- Chronic (>12 weeks)
A
Rhinosinusitis classification
23
Q
- Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS)
- Acute viral rhinosinusitis (AVRS)
A
Acute Rhinosinusitis classification
24
Q
- Purulent nasal drainage
- Facial pain-pressure fullness
- Colored/cloudy nasal discharge congestion
- Blockage or stuffiness
- Localized/Diffused headache
- High fever (39C)
- Symptoms occur 10 DAYS OR MORE after initial UR symptoms
A
ABRS Manifestations
25
- Purulent nasal drainage
- Colored/cloudy nasal discharge congestion
- Blockage or stuffiness
- Localized/Diffused headache
* Symptoms occur FEWER THAN 10 DAYS POST ONSET of UR symptoms
* DOES NOT worsen
AVRS Manifestations
26
- History and PA
- CT scan for complications
- Flexible endoscopic culture techniques
- Swabbing of sinuses
- Transillumination
Rhinosinusitis Assessment and Dx Findings
27
To shrink the nasal mucosa, relieve pain, and treat infections
Rhinosinusitis Medical Management Goal
28
- Intranasal lavage (Viral)
- Decongestants (common antiviral medication) and antihistamines (Viral)
- Intranasal corticosteroids (Viral/Bacterial)
- 5-7 days course of antibiotics (Bacterial)
Rhinosinusitis Medical Management
29
Educate about self care
- air humidification
- warm compress to relieve pain
- avoid swimming (dirty water and chlorine), diving, air travel (pressure affects sinuses), and tobacco
- health teaching on the use of medications
- watch out for complications
Rhinosinusitis Nursing Management
30
- Accompanied by nasal polyps
- Lasts 12 weeks or longer with 2 or more of the following symptoms
- mucopurulent drainage
- nasal obstruction
- facial pain-pressure fullness
- hyposmia (decreased sense of smell)
Chronic Rhinosinusitis
31
diagnosed when 4 or more episodes of ABRS occur/year
Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis
32
- History and Physical Assessment
- Imaging Studies:
- X-ray
- Sinoscopy
- Ultrasound
- CT scanning
- MRI
Chronic Rhinosinusitis Assessment and Diagnostics
33
golden standard in determining the presence of sinusitis
CT Scan
34
- OTC nasal sprays
- analgesics
- decongestants
- antibiotics
- corticosteroids nasal spray
Chronic Rhinosinusitis Medical Management
35
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)
- minimally invasive technique used to restore sinus ventilation and normal function
- computer guided surgery
* Chronic rhinosinusitis does NOT improve during surgery for more than 3 months.
Chronic Rhinosinusitis Surgical Management
36
- blow nose gently and use tissue to remove nasal drainage
- increase fluid intake
- apply local heat
- elevate head of the bed
- health teachings on medications
Chronic Rhinosinusitis Nursing Management
37
sudden and painful inflammation of the pharynx, including the
- posterior third of the tongue
- soft palate
- tonsils
Pharyngitis
38
- Acute
| - Chronic
Pharyngitis Classifications
39
- spreads easily through droplets of coughs,s neezes, and unclean hands
Acute Pharyngitis
40
Viral infection
Most common cause of Acute Pharyngitis
41
- adenovirus
- influenza virus
- herpes simplex virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
Viruses that cause acute pharyngitis
42
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) which then coins the term for the infection, Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
Bacteria that causes Acute Pharyngitis
43
- Fiery-red pharyngeal membrane and tonsils enlarged
- Tender cervical lymph nodes
- No cough
- Fever
- Malaise
- Sore throat (appears 1-5 days after exposure)
*Uncomplicated viral infection subsides 3-10 days onset
Acute Pharyngitis Symptoms
44
- determine the cause (bacterial/viral)
- GAS: Initiate antibiotics
- Rapid Streptococcal Antigen Test (RSAT)
- Throat Culture (most dependable)
Acute Pharyngitis Diagnostic Findings
45
Viral: supportive measures
Nutrition
- liquid/soft diet
- cool beverages, warm liquids, flavored frozen food
Bacterial: antimicrobial agents
- Penicillin (drug of choice)
- Analgesics
- Cephalosporins or Macrolides if allergic to Penicillin
Acute Pharyngitis Medical Management
46
- Symptomatic management
- Bed rest
- Saline gargle (throat irrigation)
- ice collar
- Not sharing eating utensils
- Replace old toothbrush
Acute Pharyngitis Nursing Management
47
Persistent inflammation of the pharynx
Chronic Pharyngitis
48
General thickening and congestion of the pharyngeal mucous membrane
Hypertrophic
49
Late stage of type 1 (Membrane is thin, whitish, glistening, and at times wrinkled)
Atrophic
50
Numerous swollen lymph follicles on the pharyngeal wall
Chronic Granular
51
- Constant sense of irritation/fullness in the throat
- Intermittent post nasal drip
- Sore throat
Chronic Pharyngitis Manifestations
52
- relieve the symptoms
| - Avoid exposure to irritants
Chronic Pharyngitis Medical Management
53
Tonsillectomy
Chronic Pharyngitis Surgical Management
54
- Nasal sprays
| - Antihistamine decongestant
Chronic Pharyngitis Pharmacologic Therapy
55
Avoid
- tobacco
- second hand smoke
- exposure to cold, environmental/occupational pollutants
- Minimize exposure to pollutants (use disposable masks)
- High fluid intake
- Gargling warm saline solution
- Lozenges
Chronic Pharyngitis Nursing Management
56
Inflammation of the tonsils (two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat)
Tonsilitis
57
Confused with pharyngitis
Acute Tonsilitis
58
Less common and may be mistaken for disorders like allergy, asthma, and rhinosinusitis.
Chronic Tonsilitis
59
- Inflammation of the adenoids (near the eustachian tube) caused by infection.
- Frequently accompanied by acute tonsilitis
Adenoiditis
60
Group A Betahemolytic Streptoccocus (GABHS)
Common bacteria that causes adenoiditis
61
Epstein-Barr virus
Common virus that causes adenoiditis
62
- Sore throat
- Fever
- Snoring
- Difficulty swallowing
- Frequent swallowing (bleeding may be present)
- Nasal obstruction
- Hard to swallow and smell
Tonsilitis Clinical Manifestations
63
- Mouth breathing (foul smelling)
- Earache
- Draining ears
- Frequent colds
- Bronchitis
- Voice impairment
- Noisy respiration
Adenoiditis Clinical Manifestations
64
- Thorough Physical Examination and history
- Specimen culture
- Audiometric assessment 9for recurring otitis media)
Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
65
- High fluid intake
- Analgesics
- Salt water garfles
- Rest
Supportive Measures
66
- Penicillin (1st line)
| - Cephalosporins
Antibiotics for bacterial infection
67
- Tonsillectomy
| - Adenoidectomy
Surgical management
68
Immediate Postoperative Care
- Continuous monitoring
- Prone position. head turned sideways
- Maintain oral airaway until gag reflex returns
- Apply ice collar
- Antibiotics to relieve pain
Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis Nursing Management
69
- Understanding signs and symptoms of hemorrhage (it is noraml to have 8-10 days bleeding)
- Health teaching about pain medications
- Full course antibiotics as prescribed
- Warm saline solution
- Soft diet
- Maintain good hydration
- Avoid milk products (promotes thich mucus production (hard to remove))
- Vomiting within 24 hours
- Avoid heavy lifting for 10 days
Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis Self-care Education
69
- Understanding signs and symptoms of hemorrhage (it is noraml to have 8-10 days bleeding)
- Health teaching about pain medications
- Full course antibiotics as prescribed
- Warm saline solution
- Soft diet
- Maintain good hydration
- Avoid milk products (promotes thich mucus production (hard to remove))
- Vomiting within 24 hours
- Avoid heavy lifting for 10 days
Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis Self-care Education
70
- Also called quinsy
- A bacterial infection which is a complication of untreated strep throat or tonsilitis
- Most common suppurative (pus formation) complication of sore throat
- Collection of purulent exudate between the tonsillar capsule and the surrounding tissues
Peritonsilar Abscess
71
- Severe sore throat
- fever
- Trismus (inability to open the mouth due to the inflammed muscles lying laterally at the tonsils)
- Drooling
- Odynophagia (painful swallowing)
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Otalgia (ear pain)
Peritonsilar Abscess Manifestations
72
- Abscess aspiration
- Intraoral ultrasound
- Transcutaneous cervical ultrasound
Peritonsilar Abscess Diagnostic Tests
73
- Antimicrobial agents
- Corticosteroid therapy
- Penicillin (prescribed early)
Peritonsilar Abscess Management
74
- Tonsillectomy (Poor candidates of needle aspiration)
- Needle aspiration (Decompresses abscess and perform best sitting down)
- Incision and drainage of abscess
Peritonsilar Abscess Surgical Management
75
- Preoperative nursing care
- Maintain hydration status (cool and room temp)
- Monitor the patient
- Provide adequate nutrition
- Sitting upright
- gentle gargling post op 1-2 hours interval for 24-36 hours
Peritonsilar Abscess Nursing Management
76
- Inflammation of the larynx and often associated with pharyngitis and rhinitis
- Result of: voice abuse. exposure to pollutants, and as part of URI
- Caused by a virus same as cold and pharyngitis
Laryngitis
77
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- Hoarseness
_ Aphonia (loss of voice)
- Severe cough
- Dysarthria (Difficulty speaking)
- Sore throat (worsens at night)
- URI
- Shortness of breath
- Painful swallowing
- Painful speaking
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Laryngitis Manifestations
78
- Rest voice
- Avoid irritants
- Rest
- Inhaling cool steam
- Antibiotics
Laryngitis Medical Management
79
- Resting of voice
- Maintain a well-humidified environment
- Adequate fluid intake
- Health teachings on prescribed medications
- Follow up care
Laryngitis Nursing Management
