Upper respiratory tract

Question 1

Name what is found in the upper RT

Answer 1

-External nose
-Nasal cavities
-Pharynx
-Larynx

Question 2

Name what is found on the lower RT

Answer 2

-Trachea
-Primary bronchi
-Bronchioles
-Alveoli of the lungs

Question 3

What is the function of the nasal cavities

Answer 3

Humidify and filter incoming air

Question 4

Name the structure that separates the two nasal cavities

Answer 4

Nasal septum

Question 5

What keeps the nasal cavities patent (open)?

Answer 5

Bone and cartilage

Question 6

What surrounds the small anterior region of the nasal cavities

Answer 6

Cartilage of the external nose

Question 7

What is the large posterior region of the nasal cavities made up of?

Answer 7

It is situated within the skull, therefore made up of bone

Question 8

What is the anatomical names for the anterior openings of the nasal cavities?

Answer 8

Nares/nostrils

Question 9

What is the anatomical names for the posterior openings of the nasal cavities?

Answer 9

Nasal chonchae

Question 10

What separates the nasal cavity from the oral and cranial cavities

Answer 10

Separated from the oral cavity by the hard palate.
Separated from the cranial cavity by parts of the cranial bones.

Question 11

What cranial bones make up the external nose?

Answer 11

-Nasal bone
-Part of the frontal bone
-Part of the maxillary bone

Question 12

Name the cartilages found on the external nose

Answer 12

Superior margin of septal cartilage
-Lateral processes of septal cartilage
-Major and minor alar cartilages

Question 13

Describe the roof of the nasal cavity

Answer 13

Narrow
* Highest in central regions
- Anterior and posteriorly: roof slopes downward
* Formed by bones and cartilages of the external
nose + parts of other cranial bones

Question 14

Describe the floor of the nasal cavity

Answer 14

Smooth, concave and wider than the roof
* Formed by soft tissues of the external nose + hard
palate

Question 15

Describe the medial wall of the nasal cavity

Answer 15

Vertically orientated (median sagittal plane)
* Nasal septum (mucosa covered)
- Septal nasal cartilage
- Vomer
- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
- Parts of the other cranial bones

Question 16

Describe the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Answer 16

Formed by parts of the ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid, lacrimal,
and maxillary bones + inferior concha

Question 17

Explain the anatomy of the nasal chonchae/turbinates

Answer 17

Three curved shelves of bone (mucosa covered)
- Project medially and inferiorly

Question 18

What is the function of nasal chonchae

Answer 18

• Increase surface area for contact between the nasal tissues
  and inspired air

Question 19

Name the 4 divisions of the nasal cavity

Answer 19

Spheno-ethmoidal
recess + Superior, Middle and Inferior nasal meatuses

Question 20

What is the function of paranasal sinuses

Answer 20

-Aids voice resonance
-Lightens the skull

Question 21

Name paranasal sinuses

Answer 21

Frontal sinuses
-Maxillary sinuses
-Ethmoidal cells (anterior, middle, and posterior)
-Sphenoidal sinuses

Question 22

What forms the pharyngeal wall?

Answer 22

formed by skeletal muscles (longitudinal and
constrictor muscles) + fascia

Question 23

What structure Connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and oesophagus

Answer 23

Pharynx

Question 24

True or false:
The larynx is the common pathway for air and food

Answer 24

False, it is the pharynx

Question 25

Describe the nasopharynx

Answer 25

Behind choanae & below skull base--->soft palate - Pharyngeal tonsil lies on roof - Opening of auditory tube lies on lateral wall

Question 26

Describe the oropharynx

Answer 26

Soft palate ---> Superior margin of epiglottis - Palatine tonsils lie on lateral wall (between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches) - Lingual tonsils lie on anterior wall

Question 27

Describe the laryngopharynx

Answer 27

Laryngopharynx - Superior margin of epiglottis---> Beginning of oesophagus (C6)

Question 28

How is the larynx connected to the laryngopharynx

Answer 28

The laryngopharynx is connected to the larynx via the laryngeal inlet

Question 29

State the function of the larynx

Answer 29

Instrument for sound production Acts as a valve to close lower RT

Question 30

What is the larynx made up of?

Answer 30

3 unpaired cartilages - 3 paired cartilages - A fibroelastic membrane - Numerous intrinsic muscles

Question 31

Name the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx

Answer 31

Thyroid Cricoid Epiglottis

Question 32

Describe the thyroid cartilage

Answer 32

Largest laryngeal cartilage - Left + right lamina (Connected anteriorly but separated posteriorly - have superior and inferior horns)

Question 33

Describe the cricoid cartilage

Answer 33

- Most inferior laryngeal cartilage - Completely encircles airway - Anterior narrow arch + Posterior broad lamina

Question 34

Describe the epiglottis

Answer 34

Leaf-shaped - Projects postero-superiorly

Question 35

Name the three paired cartilages

Answer 35

Arytenoid cartilages Corniculate cartilages Cuneiform cartilages

Question 36

Describe the arytenoid cartilages

Answer 36

- Pyramid shape - Apex articulates with corniculate cartilages - Base articulates with cricoid cartilage

Question 37

Describe the corniculate cartilages

Answer 37

Two small conical cartilages - Apex projects postero-medially - Base articulates with arytenoid cartilages

Question 38

Describe cuneiform cartilages

Answer 38

Two small club-shaped cartilages - Suspended in fibro-elastic membrane

Question 39

Name the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx

Answer 39

Thyrohyoid membrane - Thickens to form median and lateral thyrohyoid ligaments * Thyro-epliglottic ligament * Hyo-epiglottic ligament * Cricotracheal ligament

Question 40

Name the intrinsic ligaments of the larynx

Answer 40

Fibroelastic membrane - Upper quandrangular membrane - Lower conus elasticus