Upper Respiratory Tract Infection _احمد عبيد Flashcards
(37 cards)
what’s the most common upper respiratory infection URTI ?
it’s the acute coryza (common cold)
what’s the cause of the common cold ?
it’s highly infectious disease caused by viruses as rhino virus , corona virus , adeno virus
and there is 100 different antigen stairn of rhino virus
what’s type of immunity of common cold?
short lived and virus specific
- viral specific immunity (Humoral Immunity: Virus and/or virus-infected cells can stimulate B lymphocytes to produce antibody (specific for viral antigens) Antibody neutralization is most effective when virus is present in large fluid spaces (e.g., serum) or on moist surfaces (e.g., the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts).)
- Short-term immunity can be transferred passively from one. individual to another via antibody-containing serum; similarly, infants are protected by antibodies they receive from their. mothers (primarily before birth)
how the infectivity of the common cold ?
infectivity from close personal contact in early stage and spread faciliated by the overcrowding and poor ventilation
why it’s difficult to provide protection in common cold ?
because there are 100 strains of rhinovirus
how much every individual can get common cold in a year ?
2-3 times in a year
what’s the incidence among the age group ?
the incidence lessens (decrease) with age called accumulating immunity
what’s the clinical features pf common cold ?
it’s cause mild systemic upset and prominent nasal symptoms as
- Tiredness
-Slight pyrexia, malaise
-sore nose & (sore throat) if involve pharynx.
-Sneezing & profuse, watery nasal discharge are followed by thick mucopurulent secretions which may persist for up to a week.
-Horse voice if (larynx) involve
complicated by a tracheitis or bronchitis, chest tightness & wheeze
Secondary bacterial infection occurs only in a minority of cases
what’re the complications of the common cold ?
- complicated by a tracheitis or bronchitis, pnemonia (lower respirtory infection )chest tightness & wheeze
- Secondary bacterial infection occurs only in a minority of cases
- Sinusitis.
- otitis media, Hearing impairment
what’re the mangments of the common cold ?
- Most do not require treatment.
- Analgesics & antipyretics for systemic symptoms.
- Nasal decongestant in some cases.
- Antibiotics not necessary in uncomplicated coryza.
what’s the acute laryngitis ?
it’s Dry sore throat, Hoarse voice or loss of voice. Attempts to speak cause pain.
Initially, painful & unproductive cough.
-cause Stridor in children (croup) because of inflammatory oedema leading to partial obstruction of a small larynx
what’s the cause of acute laryngitis ?
Often a complication of acute coryza
what’re the complications of the acute laryngitis ?
Chronic laryngitis. tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
what’re the mangements of the acute laryngitis ?
- Rest voice.
- Analgesics for relief of discomfort and pyrexia.
- Steam inhalations may be of value
- Antibiotics not necessary in simple acute laryngitis
what’s the influenza ?
an acute systemic viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory tract; it carries the mortality
what’s the cause of influenza ?
orthomyxo virus group & exists in two main forms, A and B.
what’re the types influenza ?
influenza A : world-wide pandemics, new antigenic variants at irregular intervals
Influenza B : localized outbreaks of milder nature
what’s the epidermiology of influenza?
The most serious influenza pandemic occurred in:
-1918, more than 20 million deaths worldwide.
- 1957, a major shift in the antigenic make-up of the virus led to the appearance of influenza A2 type H2N2, which caused a world-wide pandemic.
- 1968 further pandemic occurred owing to the emergence of Hong Kong influenza type H3N2,
- A further pandemic is likely in the next few years.
- Recent concerns have focused on the H5N1 strain of influenza A which was previously confined to birds but can be contracted by humans who are in close contact with infected poultry.
what’s the incubation period of the influenza?
The incubation period: usually 1–3 days
what’s the clinical feature of the influenza ?
- illness starts abruptly with a fever, shivering and generalized aching in the limbs, severe headache, soreness of the throat, dry cough that can persist for several weeks.
- Diarrhoea occurs in 70% of cases of H5N1.
- prolonged period of debility and depression
what’re the complication of the influenza?
- Secondary bacterial infection: Strep.pneumoniae , H. influenzae
- Secondary pneumonia caused by Staph. Aureus is rarer, but more seriousa mortality of up to 20%.
- Post infectious encephalomyelitis rarely occurs
how to diagnosis the influenza?
+Laboratory diagnosis is not usually necessary, but a definitive diagnosis can be established by demonstrating:
1-a fourfold increase(x4) in the complement-fixing antibody
2-haemagglutinin antibody measured at onset and after 1–2 weeks by demonstrating the virus in throat or nasal secretions.
what’re the treatments of the influenza?
- bed rest & paracetamol
- antibiotics to prevent secondary infection in those with: chronic bronchitis, cardiac& renal disease.
- Neuraminidase inhibitors :may help to shorten the duration of symptoms, if given within 48 hours
*oral oseltamivir (75 mg twice daily) or
* inhaled zanamivir (10 mg twice daily) for 5 days,
can reduce the severity of symptoms if started within 48 hours of onset
(Neuraminidase inhibitors block the neuraminidase enzyme. They are commonly used as antiviral drugs because they block the function of viral neuraminidases of the influenza virus, by preventing its reproduction by budding from the host cell.)
when we give prophylaxis (vaccine )for the influenza?
_over 65 years of age
_younger people with chronic heart disease
_Chronic lung disease (including asthma)
_chronic kidney disease
_diabetes mellitus
_those who are immunosuppressed
_During pandemics: in key hospital and health service personnel
