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Upper respiratory tract infections - young Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Examples of upper respiratory tract flora

A

Streptacoccus viridans
commensal Neisseria ssp
Diphtheroids
anaerobes

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2
Q

What are the 3 usual suspects of respiratory infections?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Haemophilus influenza

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3
Q

What does it mean by ‘transient colonisation post antibiotics’?

A

Microorganisms that arise due to disruption in normal flora because of antibiotics

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4
Q

What condition does bordetella pertussis cause?

A

whooping cough

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5
Q

what condition does corynebacterium diphtheriae cause?

A

Diphtheria

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6
Q

What is parainfluenza viruses?

A

tend to cause the common cold - can be more severe in immunosuppressed patients

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7
Q

What group of people is Respiratory Synactial virus (RSV) most common in?

A

Children

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8
Q

What type of pneumonia does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

Atypical

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9
Q

How are respiratory diseases spread?

A

Droplet spread

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10
Q

What is the most common virus that causes the common cold/coryza?

A

Rhinovirus

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11
Q

What is ‘coryza’?

A

inflammation of the mucosa membranes in the nose

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of a common cold?

A

Nasal discharge
Sneezing
Sore throat

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of rhino-sinusitis?

A

Facial pain
Nasal blockage
Reduction in smell

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14
Q

What microorganisms cause rhino-sinusitis?

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza
Streptococcus milleiri group
anaerobes
fungal
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15
Q

What is a clinical sign of increased sniffing?

A

crease on the nose

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16
Q

What procedure should be undertaken in the hospital setting with sinusitis?

A

Sinus washout

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17
Q

What is the treatment for rhino-sinusitis?

A

Viral - no antibiotics

Amoxicillin if severe

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18
Q

What can rhino-sinusitis be misdiagnosed for and why?

A

dental infection - referred pain

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19
Q

What viral organisms cause Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A 
RSV
Influenza
Adenovirus
Epstein barr virus
HSV1
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20
Q

What bacterial organism cause Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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21
Q

How is Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis diagnosed?

A

throat swab

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22
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?

A 
sore throat
dysphagia
malasia
red tonsil/uvular area
exudate 
Lymphadenopathy - swollen lymph nodes
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23
Q

what is common type of organism that causes Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis in children?

A

group A streptococcal

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24
Q

what is the treatment for group A streptococcal infection?

A

penicillin

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25
How is group A streptococcal infection diagnosed?
antistreptococcal antibody titres
26
What organism is infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease caused my?
Epstein barr virus
27
Who is infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease most common in?
teenagers and older people
28
What are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease?
sore throat fever cervical lymphadenopathy
29
What antibiotic should you avoid in infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease and why?
ampicillin - can cause a rash that may be mistaken for a penicillin allergy
30
What diagnostic tests are used in infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease?
Serology - IgG, IgM, Paul Bunnell Test | PCR
31
What are the symptoms of Diphtheria causing Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?
Malasia fatigue fever sore throat
32
What is the treatment for diphtheria causing Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?
Erythromycin penicillin antitoxin
33
What does Candida ssp cause?
thrush
34
When does Candida ssp occur?
after antibiotics or steroids
35
What infections come under Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis?
Group A streptococcal infection infectious mononucleosis/ glandular fever/kissing disease Diphtheira Thrush
36
Which URTI is a medical emergancy?
Epigottitis
37
What is epiglottitis?
cellulitis of the epiglottis which causes airways obstruction
38
What are the symptoms of epiglottitis?
``` fever irritable difficulty speaking (act as though there is a hot potato in their mouth) difficulty swallowing leans forward drools stridor hoarse voice ```
39
What imaging is undertaken in epiglottitis and what does it show?
Laternal neck x ray - shows enlarged epiglottis
40
Why should you send blood cultures and not a throat swab with someone that has epiglottitis?
putting anything down the throat can cause an obstruction - only okay if incubated
41
What is the treatement for epiglottitis?
maintain airway | cefotaxime
42
What organism most commonly causes epiglottitis these days?
s. aureus | respiratory bacteria
43
What antibiotic is effective against the 'common 3 suspects' of respiratory infection?
cefotaxime
44
What are the symptoms of acute laryngitis?
``` Hoarse/husky voice globus pharyngeus (lump in the throat) fever myalgia (pain in muscles) dysphagia ```
45
What are the causes of acute laryngitis?
usually viral sometimes bacterial - the usual suspects non infective causes e.g. voice abuse (singing), malignancy
46
What is the treatment for acute laryngitis?
bacteria or severe - antibiotics | make airway patent if stridor
47
What is 'croup' a leymans term for?
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
48
What is Acute laryngotracheobronchitis?
Inflammation of larynx and trachea after infection of the upper airway
49
What is the treatment for Acute laryngotracheobronchitis?
Symptomatic treatment only
50
What is a common, very contagious RTI that can occur in adults as well as children?
Whooping cough
51
What are the symptoms of Whooping cough after the incubation time?
dry, non productive cough | short bursts of exhalation followed by inspiratory gasps
52
What is the treatment for Whooping cough?
supportive | erythromycin
53
Which RTI are notifiable diseases?
Whooping cough | Diphtheria
54
What is otitis externa?
infection of the external auditory canal - like any other skin condition but in the canal
55
what are the symptoms of otitis externa?
``` pain itch swelling erythema - superficial reddening of the skin otorrhoea - ear discharge ```
56
What are the 3 types of otitis externa?
Acute chronic malignant
57
What is the main organism that causes acute Otitis externa?
A. aureus - likely if pustular | pseudomonas ssp - esp after swimming
58
What is the treatment for acute Otitis externa?
``` eardrops with: Saline alcohol acetic acid antibiotics antifungals steroids ``` wick insertion
59
What is chronic Otitis externa?
irritation from drainage from perforated tympanic membrane
60
What are the symptoms of chronic Otitis externa?
Itchy
61
What type of antibiotic should you avoid in Otitis externa if perforated?
aminoglycosides
62
What is malignant Otitis externa?
severe necrotising infection that spreads more deeply
63
What organism causes malignant Otitis externa?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
64
What are the symptoms of malignant Otitis externa?
very severe pain and drainage of pus
65
Who is malignant Otitis externa most common in?
Elderly diabetics immunosuppressed
66
What is the treatment for malignant Otitis externa?
IV ceftazidime followed by PO ciprofloxacin 4-6 week treatment
67
What is otitis media?
Middle ear inflammation | fluid present - send sample
68
Who is otitis media most common in?
children
69
What are the symptoms of otitis media?
Fever pain impaired hearing red, bulging tympanic membrane
70
What organisms cause otitis media?
Viral H. influenza S. pneumoniaw M. catarrhalis
71
What is the treatment for otitis media?
Symptomatic | if unwell, amoxicillin
72
What is mastoiditis?
inflammation of the mastoid air cells after a middle ear infection - pus collects in the cells which may lead to necrosis of the bone
73
What are the symptoms of mastoiditis?
``` pain itch swelling erythema - superficial reddening of the skin otorrhoea - ear discharge swelling over mastoid ```
74
How do you diagnose mastoiditis?
bacteriology samples | CT imaging
75
What is the treatment for mastoiditis?
eardrops and wick unless gram -ve the broad spectrum cover needed co-amoxiclav is 1st line in LTHT

CP (50 decks)

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