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X Anatomy 1B > Upper Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Upper Urinary Tract Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary system?

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

A

cranial/superior abdomen

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3
Q

where in the body is the bladder located?

A

pelvic cavity

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4
Q

through what area of the body is urine voided?

A

perineal area

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5
Q

In humans what is found in the perineal area?

A

pelvic floor

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6
Q

What is the main/significant role of the kidneys?

A

filtration of toxins from the blood

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7
Q

what is the function of ureters?

A

transport urine to the bladder by peristalsis

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8
Q

what is the function of the bladder?

A

stores urine until it is convenient to void

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9
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

transports urine out of the body, forms part of the male reproductive tract

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10
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the kidney?

A

process blood plasma, maintain homeostatic balance, remove urea

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11
Q

what can kidney failure lead to?

A

homeostatic imbalance and death

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12
Q

what is urea a waste product of?

A

protein metabolism

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13
Q

During kidney transplant is the diseased kidney removed?

A

no, remains in the abdomen and the new kidney is implanted inferior to it

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14
Q

What leaves the kidney at the hilus (hilum)?

A

blood vessels, nerves, ureters

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15
Q

What is provided to the kidney by perirenal fat?

A

protection from: pressure exerted by other organs, shock and trauma

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16
Q

What 3 domestic species have the ‘kidney bean’ shaped kidneys?

A

dogs, cats, sheep

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17
Q

How can a feline kidney be differentiated from canine?

A

there are prominent external veins on the feline kidney

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18
Q

is there much perirenal fat on canine and feline kidneys?

A

no - unless they are obese

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19
Q

how much perirenal fat is present in sheep kidneys?

A

lots!

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20
Q

How do pig kidneys differ in shape from the classic ‘kidney bean’ shape?

A

dorsoventrally flattened so not as rounded

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21
Q

How do ox kidneys differ from other species?

A

lobed and left kidney is twisted and close to the midline

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22
Q

why is the left kidney in the ox close to the midline?

A

as the rumen develops it pushes the left kidney towards the midline (dorsally)

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23
Q

are all kidneys lobed at some point during embryo/foetal stages?

A

yes

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24
Q

what is each lobe of the ox kidney separated by?

A

deep fissures and connective tissue

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25
what shape is the equine left kidney?
kidney bean
26
what shape is the equine right kidney?
love heart
27
which of the equine kidneys is more cranial?
right
28
what part of the abdominal cavity are kidneys located within?
cranial/superior abdominal cavity
29
What abdominal wall are the kidneys located on?
posterior abdominal wall
30
what does retroperitoneum mean?
behind peritoneum
31
what vertebra are kidneys in line with?
T12 to L2
32
Which kidney is more superior in the abdomen in humans?
left
33
what shape are human kidneys?
kidney bean
34
In most domestic species which kidney is more cranial?
right
35
between which vertebrae is the right kidney located in most domestic species?
L1-L2
36
between which vertebrae is the left kidney located in most domestic species?
L3-L4
37
Why is the right kidney often very difficult/impossible to palpate in domestic species?
its very close to the liver
38
In what species are kidneys at the same level?
pigs
39
In the ox and cat what makes the left kidney more mobile?
"less" retroperitoneal
40
What bones are the kidneys located beneath?
ribs
41
What muscles are the kidneys very closely associated with?
Quadratus lumborum and Psoas major
42
what structures are transmitted out of the hilus in humans?
renal vein, artery, nerve and ureter
43
where do the paired renal arteries arise from?
aorta
44
where do the paired renal veins drain into?
inferior or caudal vena cava
45
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
46
approximately how many nephrons are there per kidney?
1 million
47
what is the glomerulus made up of?
network of fenestrated capillaries
48
what occurs in the glomerulus?
ultrafiltrate is formed from blood
49
what does the Bowman's capsule surround?
glomerulus
50
describe the flow from glomerulus to collecting duct
glomerulus - Bowman's capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct
51
What is reabsorbed into the blood at the proximal convoluted tubule?
60-80% of filtered water and sodium and normally all nutrients
52
What happens at the distal convoluted tubule?
fine tuning of water and salt balance
53
what is the fine tuning of water and salt balance at distal convoluted tubules controlled by?
aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
54
what is final urine volume in a human?
1-2 litres per day
55
what is the outer layer of the kidney called?
capsule
56
what is the next layer of the kidney deep to the capsule?
cortex
57
what gives the cortex it's granular appearance?
renal corpuscles and proximal and distal convoluted tubules
58
what two components make up renal corpuscles?
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
59
Where are renal columns found?
in between medulla (renal pyramids)
60
what is the apex of the medulla/renal pyramid called?
renal papillae
61
what parts of the nephron are found in the medulla?
Loops of Henle and collecting ducts
62
how does the medulla appear?
striated
63
Where does urine exit the medulla and collecting duct system?
renal papillae
64
Where do minor calyxes attach?
to papillae
65
where do major calyxes occur?
minor calyxes join to from major calyxes
66
how is the pelvis of the kidney formed?
fusion of major calyxes
67
what part of the kidney does the ureter drain from?
pelvis
68
What is a renal lobe?
renal pyramid with own cortex
69
What are the 3 types of kidney internal structure?
multipyramidal, multipapillate, unipyramidal
70
Describe the internal structure of the multipyramidal kidney
divided cortex, divided medulla, calyxes, no pelvis, drain into secondary ureters and then ureter
71
what do calyxes drain in multipyramidal kidneys?
individual lobes
72
describe the internal structure of a multipapillate kidney?
fused cortex, divided medulla, calyxes, pelvis
73
In multipapillate kidneys is there an individual cortex for each pyramid?
no
74
in what two species may multipyramidal kidneys be found?
ox and dolphin
75
in what two species may multipapillate kidneys be found?
pig and human
76
describe the internal structure of a unipyramidal kidney
fused cortex, fused medulla, fused calyxes, pelvis
77
are there any individual pyramids in unipyramidal kidneys?
no
78
what 4 species can unipyramidal kidneys be found?
dog, cat, horse and sheep
79
in all kidney types does the performance and function remain the same?
yes
80
how can animals in hot habitats conserve water?
able to markedly concentrate urine
81
what does the length of the loop of Henle correlate with?
the animals ability to concentrate urine
82
what does a longer loop of Henle lead to? :
more concentrated urine
83
in kangaroo rats what structure do the loops of Henle extend into?
ureter
84
What are the camels adaptions to water scarcity?
increased drinking capacity (RBC can swell up to 200x without haemolysis) conservation of metabolic water can survive dehydration with good grazing minimal sweat glands long loops of Henle
85
Why can cats manage kidney disease so well?
as their kidneys are very efficient
86
how long are ureters in humans?
25cm long
87
what are the ureters made of?
smooth muscle lined with uroepithelium
88
what sort of epithelium is uroepithelium?
transitional
89
how is urine moved into the bladder?
by peristalsis
90
why must urine be moved from the kidneys to the bladder by peristalsis?
as pressure in the bladder is greater than pressure in the kidneys
91
in humans, what arteries do ureters recruit branches from in order to supply them?
renal, gonadal, common illiac and internal illiac
92
what ligament are ureters partly located within in the bitch?
broad ligament
93
how do ureters enter the bladder?
at an oblique angle
94
What is the broad ligament closely associated with?
uterine horns
95
what are kidney stones formed from?
aggregate formed from salt crystals
96
how many sets of successive kidneys develop in the mammalian embryo?
3
97
what are the names of the 3 successive kidney types in the mammalian embryo?
pronephros mesenephros metenephros
98
When does the pronephros develop?
early, near the neck
99
what develops alongside the pronephros?
pronephric duct
100
one the pronephros disappears what happens to the pronephric duct?
remains and forms part of the mesenephric duct
101
what develops after the pronephros?
mesenephros
102
what develops after the mesenephros?
metenephros
103
what is the metenephros the precursor to?
adult kidney
104
what structures form near the metenephros?
uretric bud and cloaca
105
what will the uretric bud go on to form?
ureter, calyxes, collecting duct and collecting tubule
106
what is the function of cloaca?
hindgut region where embryo waste is expelled
107
what embryological germ layer is the kidney formed from?
intermediate mesoderm
108
what part of the embryo do the successive stages of the kidney develop in?
nephric ridge
109
is the pronephron formed more cranially or caudally?
cranially
110
what animals have pronephros as adult kidneys?
lampreys and hag fishes
111
what animals have a mesenephros as an adult kidneys
fish and amphibians
112
what does the mesonephric duct form in adult males?
ductus defrens
113
what animals have a metenephric kidney s an adult kidney?
reptiles, birds and mammals
114
describe the development from pronephros to metenephros
pronephros develops in nephric ridge along with pronephric duct. pronephros starts to disappear, replaced with mesonephros. Mesonephric duct joins to pronephric duct. Metenephros forms from mesenphros and the metenephric duct becomes the ureter.
115
what are 2 developmental issues of the kidneys?
horseshoe kidney, unilateral renal hypoplasia
116
what are some potential developmental issues of the ureters?
bifid renal pelvis (two present on one side of the body) and bifid ureter (two on one kidney)
117
in the embryo how many different anatomically and chronologically discrete locations does the kidney develop in?
3

X Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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