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2 RENAL > Upper Urinary Tract Anatomy > Flashcards

Upper Urinary Tract Anatomy Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

what is the main function of the kidney

A

production of urine

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2
Q

what part of the kidney is in contact with the peritoneum

A

only the anterior part as it is a retroperitoneal structure

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3
Q

where is the left kidney located

A

opposite T12-L2 vertebrae

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4
Q

where is the right kidney located

A

opposite L3-L1 vertebrae

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5
Q

which kidney is lower down and why

A

the right is lower down due to displacement by the liver

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6
Q

what ribs are posteriorly related to the kidneys

A

11 and 12

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7
Q

what regions of the abdomen are the kidneys in

A

the lumbar regions and upper quadrants

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8
Q

what is the medial part of the kidney called

A

the hilum

meaning route eg, route of the kidney where main vessels and structures enter

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9
Q

what vessels pass through the hilum on the kidney

A

renal vein - anterior
renal artery -in middle
ureter -posterior

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10
Q

what are the 3 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles and where do they lie in relation to the kidney

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transverses abdominis

lateral to the kidney

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11
Q

what are the 6 layers that surround the kidney anteriorly

A 
visceral peritoneum 
paranephric fat 
renal fascia 
perinephric fat 
renal capsule
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12
Q

what muscles lie posterior to the kidney

A

left quadrates lumborum

left psoas major

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13
Q

what causes pain when kidneys increase in size

A

the tight layer of the renal capsule being stretched as it does not stretch well

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14
Q

what fat layer is liquid so allows the kidneys to float in it

A

perinephric fat

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15
Q

which fat layer is solid

A

paranephric fat

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16
Q

on what side to you find the aorta on CT

A

LEFT

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17
Q

where do you find the IVC on CT

A

RIGHT sits much more anterior to the aorta

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18
Q

what does the renal artery look like on CT

A

artery coming off the aorta and snaking round to the kidney on the left

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19
Q

what does the renal vein look like on CT

A

snaking vessel coming of the vena cava on the right

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20
Q

what are the dimensions of a normal kidney

A

12 cm long

6 cm wide

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21
Q

what should a regular kidney feel like

A

smooth
regular
firm

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22
Q

what structures does the right kidney sit behind (is posterior to)

A 
the liver 
hepatorenal recess 
the 2nd part of the duodenum 
the ascending colon 
the right colic flexure
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23
Q

what structures does the left kidney sit behind (posterior to)

A

the stomach
tail of the pancreas
hilum of the spleen
the splenic vessels

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24
Q

what is the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity when the patient is lying on their back

Study These Flashcards
A

the hepatorenal recess

25
the renal arteries run anterior to the renal veins true/false
false renal veins run anterior to renal artery
26
the common iliac vein is anterior to the common iliac artery true/false
false the common iliac artery runs anterior the veins/arteries swap over as they get more posterior
27
at what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate
the umbilicus
28
where does the lymph from the ureter drain into
lumbar and iliac nodes
29
what arterial vessels supply the ureter
``` branches from the: renal artery abdominal aorta common iliac artery internal iliac artery the vesicle artery (bladder) ```
30
what is an infrarenal AAA
An abdominal aortic aneurysm which starts inferiorly to the renal arteries
31
what is a suprarenal AAA
An abdominal aortic aneurysm which starts superiorly to the renal arteries
32
what causes renal artery stenosis when its associated with infrarenal AAA
atherosclerosis - causes both AAA and renal artery stenosis
33
what causes renal artery stenosis when associated with suprarenal AAA
occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm
34
what are some anatomical variations seen in the kidneys
``` solitary kidney bifid renal pelvis bifid ureter and unilateral duplicated ureters retrocaval ureter horseshoe kidney ectopic pelvic kidney ```
35
what are some causes of a solitary kidney
agenesis (failure to develop) nephrectomy due to pathology nephrectomy due to donation
36
what 2 things are the main parts of the kidney
outer cortex | inner medulla
37
what is the most outside layer of the kidney
renal capsule
38
what makes up the inner medulla of the kidney
renal pyramids
39
what makes up the renal pyramids
nephrons - around 50,000 per pyramid
40
what gives the pyramids their striped appearance
regularly arranged nephrons
41
what do nephrons drain into
collecting duct
42
what do collecting ducts drain into
minor calyx
43
what does the minor calyx drain into
major calyx
44
what does the major calyx drain into
renal pelvis
45
what does the renal pelvis drain into
ureter
46
where in the urine drainage tubes is there a constriction
the pelviureteric junction the wide renal pelvis becomes the narrower ureter
47
what are the 3 anatomical sites of ureteric constriction
pelviureteric junction ureter crossing the common iliac arteries ureteric orifice (opening into one mourner of the trigone on the floor of the bladder)
48
why are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction of clinical importance
bc this is where renal stones (calculi) get stuck
49
where does lymph drainage from the kidneys go
LUMBAR NODES
50
how can we view renal calculi
on an x-ray
51
what 2 things can cause a ureteric obstruction
internal obstruction - renal calculus or blood clot external compression - an expanding mass eg. tumour
52
what does the ureter do in response to an obstruction
as the walls are made of smooth muscle it initiates increased peristalsis above the blockage in an attempted to flush it into the bladder
53
why do renal calculi cause pain that comes and goes (colicky)
the waves of peristalsis from the urethra trying to flush out the stone comes and goes
54
what happens to urine when there is a blockage in the ureter
it back up in the tract towards the kidneys
55
what happens if there is obstruction in the bladder
unilateral or bilateral kidney problems
56
what happens if there is obstruction in the urethra
by lateral kidney problems
57
what happens to the kidneys if urine production continues and the pressure in the urinary tract continues to rise
it eventually exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the glomerulus this can lead to renal failure
58
what is renal failure
failure of the kidneys to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

2 RENAL (20 decks)

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