upper urinary tract - learn

Question 1

List the components and function of the upper UT

Answer 1

Right and left kidneys (produce urine)

Right and left ureters (drain urine)

Question 2

List the components and function of the lower UT

Answer 2

Bladder (stores/ voids urine)

Urethra (excretion of urine)

Question 3

Which parts of the urinary tract are contained within the abdomen?

Answer 3

Kidneys

Proximal ureters

Question 4

Which parts of the urinary tract are contained within the pelvis?

Answer 4

Distal ureters
Bladder
Proximal urethra

Question 5

Which parts of the urinary tract are contained within the perineum?

Answer 5

Distal urethra

Question 6

List the component of the renal hilum

Answer 6

Renal artery
Renal vein (anterior to artery)
Ureter

Question 7

The kidneys are anterior to…

Answer 7

Quadratus lumboram
Back muscles
Floating ribs (11+12)

Question 8

The kidneys are posterior to…

Answer 8

Visceral peritoneum
Paranephric fat
Renal (deep) fascia
Perinephric fat
Renal capsule

Question 9

The kidneys are medial to…

Answer 9

Abdominal wall muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus)

Question 10

The kidneys are lateral to…

Answer 10

Psoas major

Lower thoracic/ upper lumbar vertebrae

Question 11

Give the vertebral levels of the right and left kidneys respecively

Answer 11

L1-L3 (more inferior due to size of liver)

T12-L2

Question 12

The kidney moves _____ on inspiration and _____ on expiration due to its attachment to the diaphragm

Answer 12

Inferior

Superior

Question 13

The right kidney exists posteriorly to which major organ?

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

The left kidney exists posteriorly to which major organ?

Answer 14

Stomach

Question 15

Outline the blood supply and venous drainage of the kidney

Answer 15

Renal veins (anterior to artery)
Renal arteries
Common iliac arteries (anterior to vein)
Common iliac veins

Question 16

Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?

Answer 16

It passes anterior to aorta to drain into the IVC

Question 17

State the lymphatic drainage for the kidneys

Answer 17

Lumbar nodes

Question 18

Outline the blood supply to the ureters

Answer 18

Renal artery
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Vesicular artery

Question 19

State the lymphatic drainage for the ureters

Answer 19

Lumbar nodes

Iliac nodes

Question 20

An infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm involves the renal arteries. True/ False?

Answer 20

False

The proximal renal artery is occluded in suprarenal aneurysm

Question 21

List common anatomical variants of the kidney

Answer 21

Bifurcated renal pelvis
Bifurd/ duplicated ureters
Retrocaval ureter (behind IVC)
No seperation
Ectopic kidney
Solitary kidney

Question 22

Outline the basic structure of the kidney from outer to inner layer

Answer 22

Renal capsule
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
--> Renal pyramids
--> Nephrons

Question 23

Nephrons are contained within what structure of the kidney?

Answer 23

Renal pyramids

Question 24

Outline the structure of the nephron in order of blood flow

Answer 24

~~~
Glomerulus
Proximal convulated tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convulated tubule
Collecting duct

Question 25

What is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 25

Ultrafiltration of blood from renal artery branches

Question 26

Outline the collecting duct system in order of urine flow

Answer 26

Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter

Question 27

The structures of the collecting duct system increase/decrease in diameter until pelviureteric junction.

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

List anatomical sites of ureteric constriction

Answer 28

Pelviureteric junction Ureter crosses anterior aspect of common iliac artery Ureteric orifice

Question 29

State the two types of ureteric obstruction and give examples

Answer 29

INTERNAL: impacted renal calculi from urine calcium salts, blood clot EXTERNAL: expanding mass e.g. tumour

Question 30

Describe the response of the ureter in obstruction

Answer 30

Increase in peristalsis proximal to obstruction to try remove it - comes in waves causing colicky pain

Question 31

List the consequence of ureteric obstruction

Answer 31

Urine production continues until UT pressure > pressure favouring filtration at glomerulus --> RENAL FAILURE

Question 32

What is renal failure?

Answer 32

Failure to adequately filter blood into urine

Question 33

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 33

Water inside kidney

Question 34

What is the pathogenesis of hydronephrosis?

Answer 34

Urine back pressure into calyces compresses nephrons in medullary pyramids causing renal failure