Urban

Question 1

Site

Answer 1

exactly the piece of land that the building/town/village is built on

Question 2

Situation

Answer 2

where the building/town/village is in relation to its other surroundings

Question 3

WHY DID DUNDEE GROW?

Answer 3

• Dundee had a natural harbour where ships could shelter from the stormy North Sea. It was one of Scotland’s most important towns and ports by the 14th century, being close to the Baltic and Northern Europe.
• The population grew rapidly in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the wool industry flourished
• The 18th century saw a period of growth for the city as linen began to be made, firstly using locally grown flax then imported flax from the Baltic countries

Question 4

Dundee housing

Problems

Answer 4

Ardler and Witfield were newly built housing areas in the 1960’s and 70’s to cope with the population boom post WW2.

• they were built very quickly on the edge of the city to cope with demand.
• these helped ease the strain on overcrowding in inner cities, allowing many of these areas to be modernised or cleared altogether
• the land they are built on is often owned by 1/2 partner, which makes purchasing land easier
• legislation that was introduced also allowed local authorities to purchase the land cheaply, often with state assistance

Question 5

Dundee housing

ARDLER

Answer 5

• it was seen as a desirable area to live among the working class
• majority of new residents coming from inner-city tenements with small numbers of rooms(archer seemed luxurious)
• the scheme was well provided with facilities(shopping precinct,community centre, clinic,schools and church)
• unlike many of the other peripheral developments then, it plugged into the network of the city, rather than being attached to the outer edge

Question 6

Dundee housing

WHITFIELD

Answer 6

• developed on farmland between 1967 and 1972
• scheme consisted of 4400 dwellings in the form of SKARNE BLOCKS
• open plan building with open spaces to encourage pedestrians and social interaction, with cars exceeded from central areas. paths were also separate from roads
• plans for 43 shop units and 4 larger stores= 8 shops and 2 supermarkets were actually built
• unlike ARDLER, it was on the outer edges of the city, with neighbouring developments also having similar problems of poor facilities
• disconnected from the wider city network

Question 7

Dundee housing
WHITFIELD
problems

Answer 7

• paths and walkways separate from roads= isolation( pedestrians felt unsafe)
• large car park areas and rows of garages= underuse(created an empty/dismal environment)
• covered walkways= high levels of noise(footsteps echoed through the building and anti-social behaviour arose)
• public open spaces= tenants felt no sense of ownership(little control over what happened there)
• became stigmatised/ associated with high crime and drug/ alcohol misuse= created undesirable place to live
• multi-storey flats= elderly residents lived in fear of vandalised lifts as then they had to climb the stairs
• poor quality buildings=damp/mould(refurbishment wasn’t a financially viable solution)

Question 8

Dundee housing
BOTH
problems

Answer 8

-stigma attached to social housing= both suffered a dramatic fall in population(in 1981 the Ardler council ward had a population of 8012, by the end of 1997 this had fallen by almost 50% to just over 4500.

Question 9

Dundee housing
ARDLER
problems

Answer 9

• ardler was included in one of the Scottish Executive’s new Social Inclusion Partnerships (SIP’s)=aims to strengthen the community/target barriers of social/economic exclusion
• ENGAGE THE COMMUNITY= led to the formation of the Ardler Steering Group. these worked alongside the council to identify potential PRIVATE DEVELOPERS AND SOCIAL LANDLORDS. (Wimpey homes were chosen to take things forward). In 1999 the ASG held 117 scheduled meetings and 10 public sessions
• WIDESPREAD APPROVAL=residents felt empowered and formed their own representative structures. The 2 17-storey towers and most of the housing was completely demolished and rebuilt, with the remainder being upgraded. Scheme consisted of 115 homes for subsidised sale,116 for private sale and 20 sheltered homes.= ensured a range of different socio-economic backgrounds=GENTRIFICATION
• CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF ARDLER=engage residents. Raise funds and deliver projects according to the needs of local residents

Question 10

Dundee housing
ARDLER
success

Answer 10

since regeneration, archer has shown plenty of signs of becoming a desirable place to live again

• waiting lists for rented homes exceed 300 and relatively high prices for new homes are bing paid

SHOWS THE RESIDENTS ARE COMMITTED TO THE REGENERATION PROCESS

Question 11

Dundee housing
ARDLER
what was done

Answer 11

• improved community life= residents enjoy their own garden and the layout encourages livelier street interaction, making people feel safer
• variety of places for the community to develop, adding to existing ones such as schools, churches, shops
• local firms were contracted in for demolition and construction, leading to job opportunities for local people

Question 12

Dundee housing
WHITFIELD
problems

Answer 12

• New Life for Urban Scotland White Paper proposed a new approach to regeneration, as they realised that previous approaches did not benefit peripheral communities, as they relied on private investment, which are difficult to attract in such areas
• 4 areas were identifies(GLASGOW, EDINBURGH, PAISLEY,DUNDEE), which were to be used as test cases for the new approach. each area would be given 10 year timescale to implement its own programme for change = al;owed the changes to be specific to the area
• PHYSICAL APPEARANCE= radical change, over 50% of the original housing stock had gone, new houses were built to ensure they were more spread out. In total, £39.4 million was spent on house renewal between 1988 and 1998
• ENVIROMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS= work on footpaths, lighting, play and landscape areas, anti- vandalism features

WORKING WITH LOCAL RESIDENTS= aims to re-establish community ownership over the communal environment , and attempt to eradicate the idea that much of the environment was made up of “no go” areas
also aimed to improve the quality of life for residents(included the whitfield health clinic, a multi-sports facility and the re- launch of the shopping centres)

Question 13

Dundee housing
ARDLER
success

Answer 13

much was done to improve the physical appearance
-failed to make any real improvements for the residents, either socially or economically

the project was deemed unsuccessful and as such is not complete, as there is still lots of empty land that could be built on

Question 14

Dundee transport

Car parking

Answer 14

majority of people who visit Dundee travel by car. there are 5000 spaces strategically placed around the inner ring road these are open 24/7

-not many “residents only” spaces+ they can buy a residents parking ticket

Dundee encourages people to car share on its website

Question 15

Dundee transport

Park and ride

Answer 15

DUNDEE WEST RIVERSIDE

ADV

• close to the city
• near the airport

DISADV

• busy
• expensive

Question 16

Dundee transport

Busses

Answer 16

2 main companies
-STAGECOACH and NATIONAL EXPRESS DUNDEE

all busses have been upgraded to include CCTV= people feel safer

national express dundee has 100% low floor entry for buggies/wheelchairs= more accessible use

wifi on board= more desirable

Question 17

Dundee transport

Walking

Answer 17

there are maps and signposts located in prominent positions which visitors can use for information and directions

-route planner online to make it easier for users
this also provides a list of benefits and incentives for walkers = make it more appealing

Question 18

Dundee transport

Cycling

Answer 18

Dundee city council has produced a map which is updated annually, showing the best routes.
different routes available for different things
-new solar lighting has been built along the paths = people feel safe

-helps reduce climate change/ ease congestion

Question 19

Dundee transport

Rail

Answer 19

currently has 1 main railway station

-frequent services which allow commuters to travel to/from the city for work

• movement of a station closer to the riverside may increase usage
• looking to improve the rails connectivity for local stations

-old station was knocked down, and the new one should attract more tourists/ opportunities

Question 20

Dundee transport

Air

Answer 20

-was a small airfield, with a grass runway, poor drainage, and very little support facilities.
runway was tarmaced, and the airport was taken over by Dundee City Council= now owned by DUNDEE AIRPORT LIMITED

-because of its size, the airport can only take small flights

• because its proximity to famous golf courses, its often used by private/chartered planes
• salmon fishing and shooting also help to boost these numbers

Question 21

Manila Traffic
PROBLEM
Congestion causes a huge financial loss to Manilas economy

Answer 21

SOLUTION

• skyway 3=toll road (need to pay)
• overpass dual level -bypasses congested areas and opens up access to areas of the city
• cuts journey times

EFFECTIVE

• huge financial cost
• disruption during construction

-skyway 1+2 complete, which have helped with suggestion

Question 22

Manila Traffic
PROBLEM
Congestion causes commuter times to increase

Answer 22

e.g. 30 min journey taking 3 hours

SOLUTION

-only allowing cars with certain number plates on roads on certain days

EFFECTIVE

-wealthier people got round this by owning multiple cars

Question 23

Manila Traffic
PROBLEM
Air pollution from all the cars

Answer 23

Greenhouse gas emissions are rising

SOLUTION

• ejeepneys/tricycles
• reduces emissions
• emplys local people
• aims to be low cost

EFFECTIVE

• some of the contractors have been delayed, so have not been able to meet target numbers
• doesn’t tackle the issue of congestion
• people haven’t got the initial money to invest in them, so there is not many on the roads

Question 24

Manila Traffic
PROBLEM
River Pasaig is polluted

Answer 24

rubbish, human waste, industrial pollution in river, so ferries can’t run

SOLUTION

-programmes to clean up the river& remove shanty towns from along the banks so that ferries could run again, avoiding congested roads

EFFECTIVE

• in 2007, attempts failed due to solid waste 7 our on the river, therefore ferries still get stuck
• ferries aren’t air conditions, but passenger no’s are slowly increasing

Question 25

Housing in Manila Medium rise buildings PARADISE HEIGHTS

Answer 25

the government rehoused informal settlers in medium rise buildings. the tenants pay a small amount of rent each month EFFECTIVENESS habitat for humanity housing= not very successful as they were built too small and rigid, people then added walls which were not meant to be there , which created poor ventilation and an uncomfortable indoor climate - no one takes responsibility for outdoor spaces, which results in them becoming rundown

Question 26

Housing in Manila | LEAGALISING LAND OWNERSHIP

Answer 26

The Asian development bank helped informal settlers buy the land where they were living. this means people can then invest in their house and better the materials used EFFECTIVENESS as not all schemes received the same funding, some have been more successful than others . some areas had their services updated etc, but as the scheme ran out of money, the conditions were no better than they were before

Question 27

Housing in Manila | GAWAD KALINGA HOUSING

Answer 27

Non-Government organisations(NGO's) use donations to help build houses. these are usually 1-2 storey buildings. they use cheap local materials to keep the costs low. they get volunteers to help and the families also help to build their own homes EFFECTIVENESS habitat for humanity homes= government still own the land GK= once the person has paid back the value of the house (1200 hours of sweat equity) they own it - much more effective as people were involved in the building of it, they are more likely to look after it - better sense of community -houses left without walls, so people can divide it how they wish -open spaces are shared and looked after but he people of GK

Question 28

Housing in Manila | RIVER PASAIG REHABILITATION COMMISSION

Answer 28

is clearing up the waterways by demolishing informal housing which runs next to the river. they rehouse settlers in new housing outside the city. these consist off towns of single storey dwellings for families - laying a sewage pipe next tot he river - planted plants next to the river to encourage wildlife ``` EFFECTIVENESS ADV -clean river -provides work -better conditions -spacious ``` DISADV - no work=can't make enough money to survive(may starve)- people are travelling 4 hours into the city - no electricity - due to a lack of resources, many people are moving back to the slums - not useful upriver settlers are still dumping waste

Question 29

Housing in Manila | FORCED EVICTIONS

Answer 29

in the past, the government forcibly evicted slum dwellers and demolished the slums to clear them out EFFECTIVENESS - fairly ineffective as people come back very soon after they are cleared out as they have no where else to build - also causes violence as the slum dwellers fight to save their home= this can result in a bad relationship between the government and the dwellers

Question 30

Housing in Manila | MICRO-MEDIUM RISE BUILDINGS

Answer 30

this was part of the governments new in-city resettlement programme. the building is 3 storeys high/ the ground floor is for shops and acts as a buffer if there is flooding. theres id then 1 family on each floor. the buildings are energy efficient, and are built to withstand earthquakes EFFECTIVENESS upon its completion, a total of 577 families residing i danger zones would benefit from the project due to not as many people living so close to each other, there has been a dramatic fall in diseases. SO FAR THESE HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL