Urban Decline and Regeneration Within Urban Areas Flashcards
(38 cards)
Definition of urban decline/urban decay
When a decrease in economic activity in an urban area causes it to become run down usually takes place in part of a city. Population decreases, buildings abandoned, high unemployment
Why is there social segregation in cities
- Housing - areas based on costs (wealth)
- Changing environments- areas change over time,gentrification? , council houses improved
- The ethnic dimension - migrants concentrate in poor areas, discrimination in jobs
Defintion of multiple deprivation
Combination of social
, environmental and economic deprivation
Characteristics of inner city decline
- High population out migration figures
- Many boarded up shops
- Empty and derelict properties
- Closing of schools particularly primary, low levels of education
- High unemployment
- High crime, vandalism , graffiti rate
Causes of inner city decline
- Economic decline - deindustrialisation
- Population loss and social decline - migration of young affluent and more skilled
- Poor physical environment - low quality housing,vacant factories, vandalism, graffiti
- Political problem- low turnout in elections people feel rejected
Why people didn’t like living in inner city high rise developments
- Lacked community feel
- Poorly ventilated, suffered damp
- Expensive to heat
- Open spaces belonged to no one( not cared for,vandalised)
- Poor design - hidden places where criminal activity took place
How have governments being trying to regenerate declining urban areas
By having urban development corporations (property led regeneration)
City challenge partnership
21st century schemes
What are urban development corporations an example of
Property led regeneration
Why were urban development corporations set up
Take responsibility for physical,economic,and social regeneration of selected inner city areas with large amounts of derelict and vacant land
Key features of urban development corporations
- Encouraged to spend public money on purchase of land,building of infrastructure
- Had power to acquire,reclaim and service land prior to private sector involvement
- provided financial incentives to attract private investors
Criticisms of urban development corporations
- Some argued new amount of employment was inadequate
- They were too dependent on property speculation and lost huge sums of money through compulsory purchase of land that fell in value
- Democratic accountability removed,locals complained they had no involvement in developments taking place
Case study for urban development corporation
London Docklands development corporation
When did decline of London Docklands start?
1960s
Reasons for London Docklands decline in 1960s
Large vessels couldn’t access docks eg st Katherine dock
Competition from deepwater faculties at tilbury
Fewer jobs because of mechanisation
Decline of port industries
Unemployed accompanied by population decline
Poor housing
When did London Docklands development corporation start
1981
Successes : physical regeneration of LDDC
160 000 trees planted
17 conservation areas and Thames barrier park
Successes :social regeneration
8000 local authority homes refurbished
Owner occupied homes increased increased from 5% to 40%
Post 16 college and technology college built
National indoor sports centre opened
Surrey quays shopping centre
120 000 jobs generated , unemployment fell from 14.2% to 7.4%
Successes :economic regeneration
- Government funded isle of dogs enterprise zone encouraging private investment
- Accessibility improved - London city airport, DLR railway
- Office construction eg flagship Canary Wharf
- These developments attracted telegraph newspaper group
Limitations/criticisms of London Docklands development corporation
- Local resentment as locals has no say in developments
- Many of new high tech jobs attracted to area not suitable as people lacked essential skill
- Failed to bring wealth to locals
- Affluent yuppie newcomers pushed house prices beyond reach of original residents
- East London still suffers multiple deprivation - life expectancy drops by 9 yrs from central London and Stratford
What was city challenge
Regeneration initiative that had a new approach to funding and designed to address weaknesses of earlier regeneration schemes
Case study for city challenge partnership
Manchester, Hulme
Background - slum clearance of Manchester Hulme city challenge partnership
1960s redeveloped as part of slum clearance programme
High rise crescent flags with deck access were built
Out of 55000 dwellings 98% council owned
The city challenge partnership scheme for Manchester
Plans drawn up to build 3000 houses with new shopping areas, roads and community facilities
Organisations involved - Guinness trust, Manchester city council
£37.5 million investment
Social successes of Hulme city challenge partnership
Crime has been greatly reduced
600 new homes rebuilt
400 homes improved and refurbished
Community services established a community centre, Zion arts centre
