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urban environments Flashcards

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1
Q

rate of urbanisation

A

growth in percentage of a population living and working in urban areas over time

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2
Q

level of urbanisation

A

percentage of population living and working in urban areas

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3
Q

agglomeration

A

concentration of people and economic activities at favourable locations

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4
Q

suburbanisation

A

a population shift from. central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of urban sprawl

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5
Q

urban re-imaging

A

re-building abandoned places into more modern, useful neighbourhoods

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6
Q

example of urban re-imaging

A

deserted docklands and warehouses in London were re-generated into offices and apartments

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7
Q

factors affecting rate of urbanisation

A

pace of economic development, the rate of population growth

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8
Q

pace of economic development

A

economic growth that drives urbanisation

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9
Q

natural increase

A

birth rate - death rate

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10
Q

how many megacities were there in 1970

A

4 - New York, Tokyo, Osaka and Mexico City

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11
Q

millionaire city

A

a city with a population of over 1 million

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12
Q

world city

A

a city of any size and population that is known around the world for landmarks, money and power

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13
Q

economic development

A

as the economy grows, businesses and people are attracted

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14
Q

problems associated with rapid urbanisation

A

congestion, transport, employment, crime, environmental issues

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15
Q

crime

A

the rate of crime increases as rapid urbanisation increases because some people can’t find jobs, or do not have a lot of money

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16
Q

what is suburbanisation encouraged by

A

improvements in transport, arrival of more people

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17
Q

urban re-generation

A

involves re-using areas in the old parts of towns or cities abandoned by people and businesses that have moved to the suburbs

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18
Q

counter urbanisation

A

when people and businesses move from urban cities to rural areas

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19
Q

urbanisation of suburbs

A

a population shift from central areas into suburbs

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20
Q

rate of population growth

A

the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time

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21
Q

megacity

A

a city with a population of over 10 million

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22
Q

how many megacities are there now

A

35

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23
Q

multiplier effect

A

more jobs mean more money, so more people move into urban areas

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24
Q

economies of scale

A

having one big city rather than small multiple ones

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25
population growth
more people living in cities mean more families grow bigger
26
employment
people struggle to find work so many begin working in the informal sector
27
congestion
roads become overloaded
28
environmental issues
pollution increases due to more vehicles which speeds up global warming and plastic pollution and litter increases
29
factors affecting urban land use patterns
locational needs, accessibility, land values
30
locational needs
people need hospitals, banks, supermarkets and access to public transport
31
accessibility
how accessible everything is
32
land values
how much money a certain amount of land costs in this specific area
33
name of place where land values are highest
peak land value intersection
34
CBD
retail and other commercial businesses usually cluster around the centre
35
Inner city
factories occupy the area around the central business district, and are located near railways, canals or rivers
36
suburbs
Housing is found further from the centre, they are more spacious and more people have gardens
37
Urban fringe
houses are a lot more spaced out and this is where the city ends and the countryside begins
38
urban challenges in London
food supply, energy supply, transport and traffic, waste disposal, concentrated resource consumption, ethnic segregation
39
food supply
more than 2.3 million Londoners live below the poverty tine, many people rely on food banks however you have to be referred to one by a GP and only get 3 meals a week
40
energy challenges
most of London's heat and hot water is generated in large power stations outside London. The heat produced when generating electricity is not used, but just wasted
41
transport and traffic
challenges include crowding on public transport during peak hours, congestion, pollution, accessibility for elderly and disabled, weather disruption and noise
42
waste disposal
only 52% of London's 7 million tonnes of annual waste is recycled and 37% of waste in London is sent to a landfill
43
concentrated resource consumption
we consume three times our share of the earth's resources, including food, energy and water
44
ethnic segregation
this stops people from being employed, having a hob and earning money.
45
urban challenges in data
urban pollution, squatter settlements, low quality of life, informal economy
46
causes of squatter settlements
- increased migration (rapid) - not enough money to live in city - no available houses
47
characteristics of squatter settlements
- no hygiene - no running water - no sewers - no healthcare - lack of infrastructure - no money, increased crime rate
48
relative poverty
poverty compared to the rest of the country
49
absolute poverty
$1 a day
50
Informal economy
employment that is not controlled, monitored or recognised by governments e.g. babysitting
51
CASE STUDY - Korail slum
- approximately 40 km^2 - home to more than 50 000 residents - borders Gulshan and Banani
52
air pollution
The AQI was at 371 in 2018. The air pollution is extremely unhealthy
53
reasons for unhealthy air pollution in Dhaka
- many brick kilns | - old, run down cars that produce a lot more pollution than modern ones
54
what is the rural urban fringe
- the area where the green fields and open spaces of the countryside meets the built up parts of towns and cities
55
push factors for moving to the rural-urban fringe
- housing is old and expensive in the city - there is a shortage of land in cities - air quality in the city is very poor and noise levels are high
56
pull factors for moving to the rural-urban fringe
- land on the urban fringe is cheaper and houses are larger | - the urban fringe has main roads and motorway links for quicker and easier customer contacts
57
Cambridge business park
- comprised of 12 modern offices - right next to science park which increases companies' and people attraction - many amenities such as fully landscaped grounds, Cambridge park and ride - located near motorways or main roads for easy access
58
Cambridge science park
- area devoted to scientific research or development of science-based industries
59
when was the first science park established
1971
60
cambourne housing estate
- planned in the 1990's | - population of 12 000 people and 4250 homes
61
Greenfield site
a site that has not previously been built on
62
advantages of Greenfield sites
- cheaper to build on - more architectural freedom - healthier
63
disadvantages to Greenfield sites
- encourages urban sprawl - encourages traffic congestion - destroys animal habitats - once land has been converted to development, it is unlikely to be converted back - loss of agricultural land results in loss of production - air/light/noise pollution
64
brownfield sites
derelict land used for urban development
65
advantages of brownfield sites
- creates jobs, lifts property prices, improves environment - reduces urban sprawl - reduces loss of country side - already has facilities
66
disadvantages of brownfield sites
- more expensive to build on as the land needs to be cleared first
67
economic sustainability
the ability to support a defined level of economic production indefinitely
68
environmental sustainability
the ability to maintain rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely
69
social sustainability
the ability of a social system, such as a country, to function at a defined level of social well being indefinitely

geography (15 decks)

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