urban growth Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
countries bordering Nigeria
A
Its in West Africa so Cameroon, Chad, Benin and Niger
2
Q
NEE
A
countries experiencing rapid economic growth
3
Q
Media in Nigeria coming to prominance
A
Nigerian football has become more globally known and Nolly wood is the second largest producers of Films in the world
4
Q
When were Nigeria’s first stable elections
A
1999
There were frequent power struggles within Nigeria after it left the Empire in 1960 and only in the 2011 election was it deemed as completely fair
5
Q
types of aid
A
- Top down-wealth trickle down
- Bottom up- grassroots multiplier effect
- Intermediate technology- self sufficient -learn to operate it
- Debt relief- get rid of debt if certain expectations are met
- micro finance loans-small scale loans directly from banks- encourages independence but high interest
- (industrial) investment- helps develop local infrastructure but can be tied
6
Q
Types of trade
A
free trade- no tariffs - EU
fair trade- guaranteed income- Tony Chocololny
7
Q
Quotas
A
limit quantity of goods to import(primary mostly)
8
Q
WTO
A
World Trade Organisation
Wants to make trading easier
9
Q
Trading groups
A
Make trading to partners easier due to lack of tariffs and better deals which can be a net positive e.g. EU and ECOWAS
Substances may be better quality for lower prices
10
Q
Location of Jamaica and size
A
Between equator and tropic of cancer in the Caribbean sea south of Cuba
About 1/3 the size of London with a population of 2.3 million
11
Q
Jamaican tourism
A
tourist infrastructure, beautiful beaches, and a pleasant climate have attracted many tourists especially to the north
tourism accounts for around 200,000 jobs and 24% of the total GDP coming from over 3.5 mil tourists annually
12
Q
pros of tourism
A
- Improve infrastructure- new hotels, ports and cruise liner facilities in Trelawney(north)
- new water treatment works at Logwood
- teaches locals new skills
- improved quality of life
- cleaner beaches
13
Q
cons of tourism
A
- development is uneven with many people in the south having poor infrastructure and living in poverty
- tourists can often leave waste causing water pollution and footpaths can erode
- can be too dependant on changing state of the world e.g. economic failure in HICs or a Pandemic
14
Q
Nigeria’s main sectors
A
Most people work in agriculture with 70% of the population working in the primary sector. Recently the have been working to refine their main export-resourcing 2.5% of the worlds supply- its crude (sweet) oil. However since 1999 there has been a shift to more people processing the raw materials such as oil as well manufacturing, sugar, paper and pharmaceuticals)
15
Q
Nigeria’s trading parteners
A
- ECOWAS- Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
- UN- was at one point(2014-2015) a leader in UN security and is the 5th largest contributor of troops in the world
- OPEC- aims to stabilise oil prices and regulate supply
16
Q
Nigeria’s regional importance
A
- Africa’s fastest growing economy
- largest population (182 million), manufacturing sector and GDP (total being 440 billion USD)
- most farming and agriculture is subsidence farming (e.g. Yam, cassava, sorghum, millet and cattle)
- Boka Haram terrorist organisation
17
Q
Nigeria’s global importance
A
- highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010 and 2015 (21st largest economy in 2014)
- 12th largest oil producer in the world
- now includes telecommunications and media
- Lagos is global economic trading hub
18
Q
Investment into Nigeria
A
- China invested 12 billion dollars into constructing a new railway in Nigeria (also Nigeria imports a lot of Chinese phones)
- American companies Such as tech giant such as IMB as well as others such as Wal-Mart take advantage of lower labour costs
19
Q
Nigeria HDI index
A
0.535
life expectancy in 54 years
It has had one of the largest improvements in HDI
20
Q
TNCs in Nigeria
A
- There are currently around 40 TNCs based in Nigeria with headquarters based in HICs
- Unilever- employs 1500 people and makes home/ care products works with people to improve QoL (was voted best place to work in Nigeria)
- Shell- has had multiple oil leaks damaging local environment but boost economy and increases export revenue + helps grow the energy sector and Nigerians working in it
21
Q
How has telecommunications helped grow Nigeria development
A
Huge investment into the science and technology sector have led to rapid advancements in technology. That paired with the increased amount of English speaker have helped grow telecommunications enabling Nigeria to access global finance and trade
22
Q
Manufacturing sector in Nigeria
A
accounts for 10% GDP and ensures that locals have a stable source of income hence stimulating growth (its one of the fastest growing sectors in Nigeria
23
Q
How does industrial growth effect the environment
A
pollutants (such as those emitted by industries)and chemical get into the air and water/ groundwater leading to lung and heart disease
70-80% of forests have been deforested and desertification is widespread due to redirecting water
24
Q
How does urban growth affect Nigeria
A
- more squatter settlements with less access to services(makoko has over 85 thousand people)
- Waste disposal issues
- green belt areas being converted into building sites
- new government policies leading to conflict
25
solutions(farming and deforestation
500 species of plants and animals have disappeared as well as 350-400 thousand trees being felled a year (causing soil erosion) and Lagos having increasing CO2 emissions:
- encourage eco tourism
- Tax deforestation
- Encourage free and fair trade
26
solutions (mining and oil extraction)
oil extraction can cause serious habitatual damage and groundwater pollution. Tin mining also leads to respitory diseases and soil erosion:
- appealing against oil giants
- sue for damages(large source of income though)
27
What was the Bodo oil spill
In 2008 two oil spills (august and december) spilling over 200,000 barrels of oil taking over 2 months to respond in both cases. This led to the loss of both 20 million USD and the lives of 69,000 people being impacted
28
Social impacts of the Bodo oil spill
- locals had their livelyhood destroyed
- poverty skyrocketed as well as lung diseases contracted from the fumes of the oil burning
- many people had to turn to petty thievery causing crime to skyrocket
- many youths secretly refined oil from the second spill
29
Economic impacts of the Bodo oil spill
- 80% of the inhabitants were fishermen
- Farming was also decimated as the soil was saturated with crude oil
- people who used to sell the shells of the periwinkle snails saw them dramatically decrease in size
30
Environmental impacts of the Bodo oil spill
- Local marine ecosystem was destroyed dead zone
- Clean water was no longer accessible
- local ecosystem can not regenerate
- oil heated by the sun is highly flammable
- also kills offshore fish
31
Who is to blame over the Bodo oil spill
Shell has been responsible for over 7000 oil spills between 1970 and 2000 and has taken over 2 months to respond to them
However Lax rules from the Nigerian government was a large contributor as well
32
Multilateral aid
When money donated to a certain organisation is distributed to many countries around the world
33
Bi lateral aid
between two countries to address poverty for example
34
Nigeria's relation with aid
It receives 6% of aid given to african nations and that constitutes 0.8% of the GNI (1550 million USD) - most come from HICs like the UK and US & international organisations like the world bank
35
Economic reasons why Nigeria receives aid
- 60% of people live on a dollar a day or less
- lack of access to medical facilities (10% of the worlds maternal deaths)
- Agriculture is the main sector of work however it isn't the most productive as you still need to import food
36
Social reasons Nigeria receives aid
- limited access to safe water, sanitation and electricity
- only 57% of girls go to primary and only 25% go to secondary (of the total amount of children out of school 15% are from Nigeria
- Boko Haram have been attacking since 2012
37
Benefits of aid in Nigeria
- 3.4 billion dollars during the pandemic helped with the rapid decrease in oil prices
- Aid from US helped contain HIV/AIDS
- Commonwealth funded HIV program provides health education in rural areas
- NGO nets for life provides mosquito nets
38
Issues of aid
government corruption - keeping money
money used for other endeavours- Navy/ military
Donors influencing where the money goes for personal gain
39
Adwan health centre
2010 a new clinic to:
- educate mothers in immunising children(e.g. polio)
-test for HIV and other diseases
- Immunise kids
40
Uk main sector of work
only 17% of people work in primary or secondary sectors
41
Globalisation
the growth and spread of ideas around the world ( the reason of the exponential growth of the quaternary sector)
42
Why is the Uk de industrialising
- cheaper labor costs in places such as china and Malaysia
- Uk machine infrastructure is out of date
- many manual have become automated- (car production)
43
post industrial economy
When there is a decrease in manufacturing services and an increase in the quaternary sector- it is a period of growth within an economy (can be seen after 1970s UK
44
What is the tertiary sector
its the service sector and it includes:
- law
- accountancy
- management
- architecture and engineering
- advertising
- office administration
- employment activities
45
tertiary contribution to UK economy
- It contributes between 79-81% of the Uk's economic output
- The city of London is the leading centre of financial services
- Finance contributes to 10% of the GDP and employs 2 million people
46
pros of moving from the secondary sector to the tertiary sector
- added value to the economy
- less reliance on volatile price changes
- better salary with better working conditions
47
cons of moving from secondary to tertiary
- increased education required
- less sustainable
- people previously working in secondary becoming unemployed
- increased demand on services
48
what is the quaternary sector
research sector that employs over 60,000 qualified people and brings over 3 billion to the economy and is often done by unis and private companies
49
British antarctic survey
- employs 500 and is based in cambridge and the poles
- researches human impacts on natural systems
- antarctica is a common heritage of mankind
50
What are science parks
a cumulation of science and knowledge based businesses on the same site
51
Cambridge science park
- oldest science park- found by trinity college in 1970
- has many businesses in biotech or technology hence much of the work is pharmaceutical and micro-electronic research and development
- it is near the M11 to London and is 3Km north of the city centre
52
Benefits of science parks
- networking (there are over 170 companies and over 7250 employees)
- 125 acres of forest land
- hub for research/devolvement/computer technology/ect..
- earns £37 billion pounds a year (astozeneca earns an additional 16 billion)
- environmentally aware 22% bike to work and 11% car share + recycling is available
- protects forest habitat
- low density of buildings
53
Negatives of science parks
- nearby housing prices skyrocket being over 1.6 times the national average
- poor connections to anywhere other than London
- lots of congestion
54
what is a business park
while they are footloose (meaning they can move around freer to move around) business parks are often based at the edge of cities and are a culmination of businesses in a singular area
55
Newcastle - cobalt business park
-biggest business park
-many support facilities & retail outlets & recreation opportunities
well known businesses in cobalt:
- Proctor & Gamble
- IBM
- Barnados
- Santander
- siemens
56
why is cobalt business park successful
- well connected near A19/ a couple B roads / 20 min away from the airport
- gets gov support as there is a decline in Uk based businesses in the north east
- near residential and recreational area to attract people in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
- It brings more jobs and money for the local economy
57
Positives of quarrying in the Uk
- creates jobs( over 100 people employed at Torr quarry)
- contributes £15 million to economy each year
- Using rail to transport materials is seen as environmentally friendly and it improves access to more rural towns
- the increase in the amount of homes needed to be built demands more quarrying for building stones and cement
- income via taxation
58
Negatives of quarrying
- noise pollution from heavy machinery and traffic as well as air pollution from traffic and methane gas being released
- habitat and agricultural land destroyed and scarred
- unsustainable as limestone is non renewable
- can cause congestion in rural areas and vibrations of heavy traffic damaging building
- may deter tourists
59
How industry effects the environment in the Uk
- can look quite dull aesthetically
- air and water pollution as well as soil erosion
- Waste ends up in land fill causing more pollution
- more transport = bad
60
Effects of a growing population on south Cambridgeshire
- higher demand on services so petrol prices increase
- housing price increasing
- more traffic as 80% of people own a car
- Gentrification removing community spirit
- less agricultural land means more jobs in construction
- 21% of workforce is in high tech industries
- population will increase from 160,000 to 192,000 by 2031
- increased the amount of migrant workers by 25%
61
Effects of a shrinking population in the Out hebrides
- the population of 27,400 has decreased by over 50% since 1901
- foreign fishers have taken over the local fishing industry a dramatic fall from the 900 in 1948
- government funding to the local services difficult but the only thing keeping it running
- fewer abled bodied workers are there causing even more people to migrate away to find more stable conditions
- schools are closing due to the lower amounts of children
- will likely be difficult to support an aging population
62
transport
the movement of goods, people and services in the Uk this has allowed for growth due to more jobs and tourism it is an important issue to be resolved for the future
63
why do we need improved roads
to increase capacity and improve conditions. in 2014 £15 billion was invested into road improvements and in 2020 'road strategy 2' allowed another £27 billion in investments including repairing current infrastructure, reducing congestion and improving motorways
64
A303 superhighway
a £2 billion investment widening the main route to the southwest over the next 15 years and will create hundreds of jobs and make wait times shorter
HOWEVER it will be troublesome during the build and people working on the road may lose their jobs after its over
65
Why do we need improved ports
The Uk port industry is the largest in Europe taking advantage of its extensive coast which can stimulate growth and trade. Recent port developments have occurred In places such Belfast(tidal energy- 50 million)and Bristol (storage-195 million)
65
Liverpool2
A new terminal with a deep water quay to attract more ships that are larger in size creating 5000+ jobs and doubling capacity
HOWEVER it costs 200 million is loud and an eyesore
66
why do we need improved rail networks
better(and more environmentally friendly) travel and shipment to stimulate economic growth. for example the HS2 has had 98 billion pounds in investment in an effort to connect London to Birmingham, the east Midlands and Manchester
67
London crossrail
will link heathrow and reading to sheffield and abbey wood increasing the amount of tourists by 200 million annually and improving journey time for 1.5 million locals
HOWEVER it has been practically cancelled due to how expensive it is
68
Why do we need to improve airports
They create jobs, global links to over 400 airports on 144 countries, employing 77,000 people and boost economic growth contributing 22 billion pounds to the Uk's GDP
69
Heathrow airport
plans in 2012 were to either build a new runway (18.6 billion) or extend the current one (13 billion) which was meant to boost local economy by 61 billion and create 77 thousand new jobs
HOWEVER due to noise pollution for locals, the entire city of Longford needing to be razed and rivers/M25 being rerouted it was cancelled
70
How is Uk culture linked to the rest of the world
Uk media earns 1.48 billion pounds from people overseas consuming british media (e.g USA, Australia, France and China)
71
How is Uk trade linked to the wider world
The Uk has historic trading links with the EU (40% of Uk trade) and USA and a growing trade with China (9% of imports in 2018)
72
How is Uk transport linked to the wider world
- Heathrow, an aircraft hub is one of the busiest in the world
- Links with europe include the channel tunnel
- South Hamptom is a major port for cruise liners coming from the Mediterranean and caribbean with receives thousands of tourists
73
how is uk electronics linked to the wider world
99% of internet traffic passes through high power cables submerged underwater. The Uk is a centre point due to the fact due to it being the most offshore area to link America to Europe and East Asia
The Quintillion arctic fibre project is a 3 phase 15,000 cable project that links the Uk to canada asia and europe via the Arctic ocean's north west passage
74
What is a referendum
a general vote on one question
75
why did the Uk leave to EU
in 2016 the public voted to leave the EU due to them influencing laws however long term the Uk leaving has led to political and social turmoil
76
Consequences of leaving the EU
- poorer Uk areas receive less funding £18 million funded to dairy farmers (that is a total of upto 300 million pounds less each year)
- less migration from the EU (40% in 2013 whereas 13% in 2019) and harder to get a PR
- trade is slower with more tarriffs
- longer wait times in immigration
77
What is the commonwealth
56 countries that are mostly ex colonies (newest countries are Togo and Gabon) that is home to 22 billion people (60% of whom are under 30) where countries differ greatly in size and state and it provides advice on a range of social economic and environmental issues that meet up every 2 years
78
Benefits of the commonwealth
- can lead to more widespread human rights and equity for member
- trade is 50% higher between members
- encourages democracy
- more opportunities from people in both
stem and the arts
- membership gives countries more influence
