Urban issues and challenges Flashcards
(23 cards)
Urbanisation
The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Rural-urban migration
The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas
Natural increase
Population growth that occurs when birth rates exceed death rates
Megacity
An urban area with a population of over 10 million
Urban sprawl
The unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development into areas adjoining the edge of a city
Brownfield site
Land that has been previously developed, often for industrial purposes
Greenfield site
Previously undeveloped land, often in a rural or countryside area
Urban regeneration
The revival of old, derelict or run-down parts of urban areas
Sustainable urban development
Urban development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Integrated transport systems
Transport networks that connect different modes of transport (bus, train, etc.) to make journeys smoother
Social deprivation
The lack of access to certain standards of living enjoyed by the majority of society
Urban greening
Increasing the amount of green space in urban areas
Push factors causing rural-urban migration
- Lack of services (healthcare, education)
- Limited job opportunities
- Low agricultural wages
- Drought/natural disasters
- Conflict
Pull factors causing rural-urban migration
- Better employment opportunities
- Higher wages
- Better education and healthcare
- More reliable water supply and sanitation
- Following family members
Opportunities of urban growth in LICs/NEEs
Economic: Access to jobs in formal and informal sectors
Social: Better access to education and healthcare
Environmental: Energy-saving technologies and transport systems
Challenges of urban growth in LICs/NEEs
Economic: Creation of informal jobs with low wages
Social: Housing shortages leading to squatter settlements
Environmental: Pollution, waste management problems
Location of major urban areas in the UK
Concentrated in central and northern England, southeast England, central Scotland, and South Wales
Cities in the UK experiencing growth
London, Manchester, Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh
Causes of urban change in UK cities
- Migration (international and internal)
- Natural increase
- Economic investment
- Government policies
Opportunities of urban change in UK cities
Economic: Creation of new jobs in service industries
Social: Cultural mix, recreation opportunities
Environmental: Urban greening projects
Challenges of urban change in UK cities
Economic: Deindustrialisation, need for regeneration
Social: Urban inequality, housing shortages
Environmental: Urban sprawl, pollution, waste disposal
Features of sustainable urban living
- Water conservation
- Energy conservation
- Waste recycling
- Creating green spaces
- Sustainable transport
Urban transport strategies
- Park and ride
- Integrated transport systems
- Cycle lanes and pedestrianisation
- Congestion charging
- Bus lanes
