Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What are tohanangan?
A
Tohanangan refers to towns and cities, which are popular places to be and are increasingly so.
2
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas.
3
Q
What characterizes High Income Countries (HIC)?
A
HICs, such as the UK and Japan, are more economically developed and have around 80% of their population living in urban areas.
4
Q
What characterizes Low Income Countries (LIC)?
A
LICs, such as Ethiopia and Afghanistan, are less economically developed with only around 15% of the population living in urban areas.
5
Q
What are Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs)?
A
NEEs, such as Brazil and China, are countries where economic development is increasing rapidly.
6
Q
What is the urban population percentage in NEEs?
A
The urban population in NEEs is around 50%, though it can be much higher in rapidly growing countries.
7
Q
What causes urbanisation?
A
Urbanisation is caused by rural-urban migration and natural increase.
8
Q
What is rural-urban migration?
A
Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to cities.
9
Q
What factors affect rural-urban migration?
A
Push factors (encouraging people to leave)
- natural disasters can cause costly damages, making it harder for rural areas to recover as they’ve fewer resources
- mechanised agriculture equipment, means fewer workers needed, so there are fewer jobs
- desertification makes land unproductive so people can’t support themselves, making it harder for farmers (income and food)
Pull factors (encouraging people to move)
- more jobs and better pay in urban areas
- better healthcare and education
- other family members might already be in urban areas
- perceived better quality of life
10
Q
What is natural increase?
A
Natural increase occurs when the birth rate exceeds the death rate, leading to population growth.
11
Q
How does urbanisation relate to population growth?
A
Migrants move to cities for work, have children, and access to better healthcare increases life expectancy.
12
Q
What are megacities?
A
Megacities are urban areas with more than 10 million residents, such as Mumbai, India.
13
Q
Lagos
A
Lagos is a city in Nigeria and has the highest GDP of any country in Africa. The city’s population is estimated to be over 14 million.
14
Q
How is Lagos important regionally?
A
- Has the largest migrant population which increases culture diversity.
- It’s also very well connected to other major towns, making it an important centre for regional trade
15
Q
What is Lagos’s significance nationally?
A
Lagos is home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry and many global companies. It was the capital of Nigeria until 1991.
16
Q
What is Lagos’s role internationally?
A
Lagos is the main financial centre for West Africa and has the 5th largest economy on the continent. The international port and airport are important for global trade
17
Q
What factors contributed to the rapid growth of Lagos?
A
Factors include British colonization, return of ex-slaves, independence in 1960, government construction projects, natural increase, and migration.
18
Q
What was the impact of British colonization on Lagos?
A
The British colonized Lagos in the 1860s, making it a centre for trade and attracting many merchants.
19
Q
What happened when Lagos gained independence in 1960?
A
There was rapid economic development as Nigeria’s resources were no longer controlled by the British.
20
Q
What is the birth and death rate in Lagos?
A
Nigeria’s birth rate is roughly 35.2 births per 1000 people, while the death rate is around 9.6.
21
Q
What is the average birth and death rate globally?
A
The world’s average birth rate is around 19 births per 1000 people, and the average death rate is 7.6.
22
Q
How many immigrants enter Lagos daily?
A
An estimated 1200 immigrants enter Lagos every day from neighbouring countries or rural areas in Nigeria.
23
Q
What are some reasons for migration to Lagos?
A
Many migrate due to ethnic and religious conflict and high levels of poverty elsewhere in Nigeria and Africa.
24
Q
What is the expected outcome for migrants in Lagos?
A
Many people expect a better quality of life in Lagos.
25
When did Lagos become a megacity?
Lagos became a megacity around 1950.
26
What social opportunities does Lagos provide compared to rural Nigeria?
Lagos has better access to services and resources, including more healthcare centres and hospitals, better access to electricity, and water treatment plants that provide safe water.
27
What percentage of Nigerian children in urban areas attend primary school?
Almost 90% of Nigerian children in urban areas attend primary school, compared to around 60% in rural areas.
28
How many schools are there in Lagos?
The state of Lagos has almost 20,000 schools.
29
What percentage of Nigeria's electricity supply does Lagos use?
Lagos uses about 40% of the country's electricity supply.
30
What economic opportunities are available in Lagos?
Incomes can be four times higher in Lagos than in rural Nigeria, with many construction jobs, banks, government departments, manufacturing industries, two major ports, and a thriving film and music industry.
31
What is Nollywood?
Nollywood refers to the thriving film and music industry in Lagos, where films are very popular.
32
What challenges has the rapid population growth in Lagos created?
Challenges include increased house prices, illegal settlements (slums), and insufficient access to clean water, sanitation, and energy.
33
What is the population density of Lagos?
Lagos' population density has rapidly increased to around 20,000 people per km³.
34
What issues do slums in Lagos face?
Slums often consist of flimsy wooden huts, and residents face eviction if slums are demolished.
35
What percentage of Lagos is connected to the state water supply?
Only about 40% of the city is connected to the state water supply.
36
What sanitation issues exist in Lagos?
Up to 15 households can share a toilet, and waste often contaminates local water sources, leading to health problems.
37
What energy issues does Lagos face?
Lagos doesn't have enough electricity to power the whole city at once, leading to scheduled outages and illegal connections.
38
What healthcare access issues exist in Lagos?
There aren't enough healthcare facilities for everyone, and many people can't afford treatment.
39
What educational access issues exist in Lagos?
There aren't enough schools for the growing population, and many families can't afford to send their children to school.
40
What unemployment and crime issues does Lagos face?
There aren't enough formal jobs, leading people to find alternative ways to make money, and high levels of crime exist in many slums.
41
What percentage of the population works in informal jobs in Lagos?
About 60% of the population works in informal jobs without legal protection.
42
What are 'area boys' in Lagos?
'Area boys' are gangs that patrol slums like Makoko, committing crimes and policing the area themselves.
43
What is the daily waste production in Lagos?
The huge population produces over 9000 tonnes of waste a day.
44
What percentage of rubbish is officially collected in Lagos?
Only about 40% of rubbish is officially collected.
45
What environmental issue is caused by unregulated waste disposal and emissions?
It leads to water and air pollution.
46
What is the impact of traffic congestion in Lagos?
Many workers face 2-hour commutes in rush hours, known as the 'go slow'.
47
What worsens traffic congestion in Lagos?
Limited public transport and poor links to the city centre.
48
Who is most affected by urban growth problems in Lagos?
The poorest people in urban areas are often the worst affected.
49
What was the purpose of the Makoko Floating School?
To give some of the poorest children in Lagos access to free education.
50
What social benefit did the Makoko Floating School provide?
Up to 100 students could be educated for free, meaning they didn't need to work or scavenge for school fees.
51
Who built the Makoko Floating School?
The school was built by unskilled local workers.
52
What economic benefit did the Makoko Floating School provide?
Education improved local children's job prospects.
53
What government plan was launched due to the school's success?
The 'Makoko/Iwaya Regeneration Plan' aims to develop the slum further.
54
What environmental benefit did the construction of the Makoko Floating School have?
The school was built using locally sourced materials, including 250 floating barrels.
55
How did the Makoko Floating School protect children from floods?
Its buoyancy allowed it to adjust to different water levels.
56
What sustainable energy source did the Makoko Floating School use?
The school ran on solar power.
57
What water conservation method did the Makoko Floating School implement?
The school collected rainwater to meet its water needs.
58
What happened to the original floating school in 2016?
It collapsed after a storm.
59
What did Makoko's residents vow after the original school collapsed?
They vowed to rebuild it.
60
Why are urban areas located where they are?
Most urban areas are situated in specific locations due to the physical landscapes of the UK.
61
Where are most cities in the UK located?
Most cities are in lowland areas with good access to natural resources.
62
What affects where most people live in the UK?
The relief, or change in the height of the land, affects where most people live.
63
What are conurbations?
Conurbations are towns that have merged to form continuous urban areas with the highest population density.
64
What regions are sparsely populated in the UK?
Upland regions, such as the north of Scotland, are sparsely populated due to difficulty in farming and few natural resources.
65
What attracts human settlement in coastal areas?
Coastal areas attract human settlement, especially where there are sheltered bays and river estuaries suitable for building harbours.
66
What has led to rapid population growth in some UK cities?
Mineral wealth, especially of coal and iron ore, has led to rapid population growth where industries developed.
67
What is the significance of lowland areas for urban development?
Most urban areas developed in lowland areas because they are easier to build on and have a milder climate.
68
What is the population of London?
London is the UK's biggest city with around 9 million people, about 16% of the UK's total population.
69
What are the four distinct zones in most UK cities?
Most UK cities have four distinct zones: the Central Business District (CBD), suburbs, rural-urban fringe, and inner city.
70
What characterizes the Central Business District (CBD)?
The CBD is usually in the middle of a city and contains most amenities and services, often surrounded by a ring road.
71
What are suburbs in urban areas?
Suburbs are found towards the edge of the city and are mainly residential areas with semi-detached houses.
72
What is the rural-urban fringe?
The rural-urban fringe is on the edge of the city, featuring farmland, open spaces, and new housing developments.
73
What characterizes the inner city area?
The inner city often has a mix of land uses, mainly residential with some businesses and national parks.
74
What is a school zone in urban areas?
The school zone is typically avoided and is characterized by areas around schools.
75
What is Liverpool known for?
Liverpool is a Port City in North West England.
76
What geographical feature is Liverpool developed on?
Liverpool developed on the River Mersey estuary.
77
What role does Liverpool play in terms of exports?
Its location allows it to export both goods and culture, making it a gateway between the UK and the rest of the world.
78
Why is Liverpool considered an internationally significant city?
Liverpool is the World Capital City of Pop and a European Capital of Culture.
79
How many foreign tourists visited Liverpool in 2017?
Almost 840,000 foreign tourists visited Liverpool in 2017.
80
What economic contribution did tourists make to the UK in 2017?
They contributed £358 million to the UK's economy.
81
What is Liverpool's significance in the North West?
It is the second biggest city in the North West.
82
How many companies employ people in Liverpool's manufacturing industry?
3,000 companies employ over 50,000 local people.
83
What is the economic output of Liverpool's manufacturing industry?
It generates £3.2 billion for the economy.
84
What type of migration influenced Liverpool's growth?
Two types of migration: National Migration and International Migration.
85
What was the impact of Welsh migration on Liverpool?
Welsh migrants arrived in the late 1700s and early 1800s; by 1813, almost 10% of the population was Welsh.
86
What caused an increase in Irish migration to Liverpool?
Famine struck Ireland in 1845, leading to around 2 million Irish migrants arriving in a single decade.
87
What percentage of Liverpool's population was Irish by 1850?
Over 20% of Liverpool's population was Irish.
88
What is the ancestry of about 75% of Liverpudlians?
They have some Irish ancestry.
89
When did ships from around the world start arriving in Liverpool?
Ships have been arriving since its port was built in 1715.
90
What is notable about Liverpool's Chinatown?
Liverpool is home to Europe's first ever Chinatown, dating back to the 19th century.
91
What is significant about Liverpool's Black African community?
It is the UK's oldest Black African community, with records dating back to at least 1730.
92
What is the current ethnic diversity in Liverpool?
About 1 in 8 people are from an ethnic minority background.
93
What has urban change brought to Liverpool?
Opportunities as it transitioned to a modern tourist destination and centre for creative industries.
94
What is one environmental opportunity in Liverpool?
Urban greening - planners are developing and preserving open spaces such as public parks and gardens.
95
What is Liverpool ONE?
A large shopping and leisure complex that includes a five-acre park (Chavasse Park) in the city centre.
96
What initiative is being taken to encourage cycling and walking in Liverpool?
Cycle and pedestrian routes are being made more accessible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
97
What cultural opportunities has Liverpool's ethnic diversity brought?
Cultural mixing has brought a range of foods, festivals, and cultural experiences to the city, attracting many people.
## Footnote
Example: Liverpool's Chinatown has a thriving Chinese community and is a popular tourist destination.
98
What recreational developments have occurred in Liverpool?
The Albert Dock has been restored to include shops, restaurants, and museums, such as the Beatles Story. The Echo Arena was built on a brownfield site at Kings Dock, and £1 billion was spent regenerating the city centre to create Liverpool ONE.
99
How many jobs do the tourism and service sectors provide in Liverpool?
The tourism and service sectors offer a combined total of 160,000 jobs.
100
What is the Baltic Triangle area known for?
The Baltic Triangle area has transformed derelict factories and warehouses into spaces for creative industries, such as film-making and digital design.
101
What transport system operates in Liverpool?
Merseytravel operates the city's bus, train, and ferry networks, with prepaid cards usable across all networks.
102
What environmental challenge does Liverpool face regarding dereliction?
Wealthier people leaving the inner city has led to abandoned buildings and vandalism, causing areas like Toxteth to become run down.
103
What is the impact of building on greenfield sites in Liverpool?
Building on greenfield sites destroys natural habitats, and Liverpool City Council must consider environmental impacts before approving such projects.
104
What waste management issue does Liverpool face?
As the city's population increases, more waste is produced, leading to less space for storage. A new waste and recycling centre opened in Old Swan in December 2015.
105
What is a significant social challenge in Liverpool?
Industrial decline in the 20th century left Liverpool's inner city very deprived, with areas like Anfield and Toxteth being among the most deprived in England.
106
How has regeneration affected inequality in Liverpool?
Regeneration in some areas has increased inequality, with wealthier areas having better access to housing, education, and healthcare.
107
What educational challenge do children in deprived areas of Liverpool face?
Many children in deprived areas leave school without basic qualifications, leading to low incomes and high unemployment.
108
What is the youth unemployment rate in Anfield compared to the national average?
Youth unemployment in Anfield is 8.5% compared to the 2.8% national average.
109
What unhealthy lifestyle issues are prevalent in deprived areas of Liverpool?
Unhealthy behaviors such as drinking, smoking, and poor diet are more common in deprived areas like Knowsley, where life expectancy for women is significantly lower than in wealthier areas.
110
What is urban sprawl?
Urban sprawl is the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.
111
What is the rural-urban fringe?
The rural-urban fringe is an area of transition where urban and rural land uses mix.
112
How has Liverpool's growth affected the rural-urban fringe?
Liverpool has sprawled, merging with surrounding urban areas to create the Merseyside conurbation.
113
What are large housing estates in Liverpool?
Large housing estates, e.g. Croxteth Park, have been built on rural greenfield land, destroying open spaces and ecosystems.
114
What are out-of-town developments?
Out-of-town developments, e.g. Knowsley Business Park, take advantage of cheaper land outside the city but cause pollution and congestion.
115
What are commuter settlements?
Commuter settlements, e.g. Aughton, are places where the majority of the population leaves to work elsewhere.
116
What challenges do commuter settlements pose?
Challenges include affecting the rural settlement's character, increasing house prices, and causing pollution and traffic congestion.
117
What is the Anfield Project?
The Anfield Project is an urban regeneration project in Liverpool aimed at improving the physical environment and quality of life.
118
What issues did Anfield face before the project?
Anfield had substandard homes, high unemployment, criminal activity, and vandalism.
119
How much is being invested in the Anfield Project?
Liverpool City Council, Liverpool Football Club, and the Your Housing Group have pledged to invest £260 million.
120
What has been accomplished in Anfield so far?
Over £36 million has been spent, over 300 derelict houses have been refurbished, and plans for 600 new homes are underway.
121
What new facilities have been introduced in Anfield?
The Anfield Sports and Community Centre has been refurbished, and a new health centre and school have opened.
122
What improvements have been made to Stanley Park?
Stanley Park has seen major improvements, including improved footpaths and resurfaced car parks.
123
What is the aim of the £4.5 million environmental scheme?
The scheme aims to narrow roads to create wider, tree-lined pavements and a pedestrian-friendly area.
124
What does sustainable living mean?
Sustainable living means living in a way that lets people meet their needs now, without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future.
125
What is the key principle of sustainability?
It means living in a way that doesn't irreversibly damage the environment or use up resources faster than they can be replaced.
126
What can be done to make cities more sustainable?
Cities can implement conservation schemes to manage resources like water and energy more sustainably.
127
What is a water conservation scheme?
Water conservation schemes reduce the amount of water used by implementing measures such as collecting rainwater and installing water meters.
128
Give an example of a successful water conservation scheme.
In Curitiba, Brazil, the government has introduced policies like water meters and hosepipe bans, successfully reducing water consumption to around half that of other Latin American cities.
## Footnote
Curitiba also has separate systems for non-drinking water.
129
Why is burning fossil fuels for energy not sustainable?
Burning fossil fuels isn't sustainable because they will run out and contribute to climate change by producing greenhouse gases.
130
What are energy conservation schemes?
Energy conservation schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels by promoting renewable energy and encouraging energy efficiency in homes.
131
Give an example of a successful energy conservation scheme.
In 2009, Curitiba renovated its 'Green Line' transport system with dedicated bus lanes for biofuel buses and replaced street lights with energy-efficient bulbs, achieving 84% of its energy from renewable hydroelectric power.
## Footnote
Curitiba's CO2 emissions from electricity are about 65% less than other Latin American cities.
132
What are some reasons cities can be considered unsustainable?
Cities can be noisy, dirty, busy, and hot, making them unpleasant and stressful for residents.
133
How do green spaces contribute to urban sustainability?
Green spaces provide cooler areas for relaxation, encourage exercise and alternative transport, and improve overall happiness.
134
What environmental benefits do green spaces offer?
They reduce air pollution and the risk of flooding by minimizing surface runoff.
135
What is an example of a successful green space initiative?
In 2007, Curitiba launched a scheme to preserve green areas, resulting in 28 parks, including Barigui Park, which absorbs flood water.
## Footnote
Barigui Park is designed to absorb flood water to avoid unsightly flood defenses.
136
Why is recycling important in urban areas?
More recycling reduces resource use and waste, helping to prevent landfill overflow and greenhouse gas emissions.
137
What are some waste recycling schemes?
Schemes include kerbside collections, recycling facilities for larger items, and websites like Freecycle™ and Freegle for reusing items.
138
What is notable about Curitiba's waste management?
Curitiba collects 100% of its waste, with 70% being recycled, and has a program that rewards residents for recycling.
## Footnote
The Green Exchange Programme gives residents food or bus tickets for every 4 kg of recyclable waste collected.
139
What are the environmental problems caused by traffic congestion in urban areas?
Traffic congestion increases air pollution and the release of greenhouse gases, contributing to climate change.
140
What are the economic problems associated with traffic congestion?
Congestion can make people late for work and delay deliveries, causing companies to lose money.
141
What social problems arise from traffic congestion?
There is a higher chance of accidents, frustration for drivers, health issues for pedestrians and cyclists, and delays for emergency vehicles.
142
How does using public transport reduce traffic congestion?
Urban transport strategies encourage people to use public transport instead of travelling by car.
143
What is the Docklands Light Railway?
An automatic train system that connects east London to the city centre, used by around 120 million people each year.
144
How does London's Underground system contribute to reducing traffic?
It takes 3 million people off the roads every day and a new line, Crossrail, will increase rail capacity by 10%.
145
What are self-service bicycles in London?
Bicycles available to hire that are cheaper than other forms of public transport, with bike lanes improving safety.
146
What are electronic 'Oyster Cards'?
Cards that allow travel on most of London's public transport networks without buying separate tickets.
147
How can traffic flow be managed to reduce congestion?
By implementing ring roads, pedestrianised streets, bus priority lanes, parking restrictions, and congestion charging.
148
What is the effect of congestion charging?
It discourages drivers from entering the city centre at peak times; a scheme in Durham reduced car entries by 85%.
149
What is Curitiba's Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system?
A system using dedicated bus lanes for quick journeys, with over 700,000 passengers daily and lower carbon emissions.
