Urban issues and Challenges 3 - Bristol Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What makes Bristol of importance in the UK?
A
-Environmentally sustainable
-Transport links
-Tourism revenue
2
Q
What makes Bristol of importance in the wider world?
A
-Fairtrade
-Trade
-Tourism
-Its global marketplace
3
Q
Importance of Bristol in the UK - Environmental
A
Many residents (particularly university students) cycle as their main form of transport.
This means that there are fewer cars on the road which means limited emission of polluting gases like CO₂.
4
Q
What was Bristol awarded as in 2015?
A
European Green Capital
This has placed Bristol on the global map as a leading city in terms of environmental sustainability.
5
Q
What was Bristol named in 2017?
A
The UK’s most environmentally friendly city.
6
Q
Despite its steep roads, Bristol was named the UK’s first what?
A
Cycling city.
7
Q
Importance of Bristol in the wider world - Environmental
A
Bristol is a fairtrade city, which sees it trading fairly with nearly 5 million workers in 58 developing countries.
This means that the city is of worldwide importance, helping to improve the lives of workers in the developing countries.
Being fairtrade also supports the transport of ‘greener’ produce into the UK. (benefits for us and them).
8
Q
Importance of Bristol in the UK - Economic
A
Bristol is a popular tourist destination, ranking as the UK’s 8th most visited city by foreign tourists.
This contributes significantly to the UK’s tourism revenue, which in turn boosts GDP.
9
Q
Tourist attractions in Bristol
A
-The Clifton suspension bridge (a major landmark designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel)
- A vast quantity of street art, including works by renowned street artist Banksy (born in Bristol)
-Theatres (including the famous Bristol Old Vic theatre and the Bristol Hippodrome).
-Museums, Music venues, Bristol zoo
10
Q
Importance of Bristol in the wider world - Economic pt 1 (trade)
A
Bristol has two major docks (Avonmouth and Royal Portbury), alongside the UK’s most centrally - located deep sea container port.
This means that importing goods into the city is easy, which has led to it becoming an important centre for trade in the UK.
11
Q
What are the main exports from Bristol?
A
-Batches of woollen cloth (sent to France, Spain, and Portugal).
-Coal
-Lead
12
Q
How many cars are imported to Bristol’s docks each year?
A
Around 7 million (from Japan, Germany, and Korea).
13
Q
Bristol’s global industries are in…?
A
-Aerospace
-Media
-Technology
-Financial services
-Business services
14
Q
Importance of Bristol in the wider world - Economic pt 2 (global industries)
A
Bristol used to be dependent on traditional industry like tobacco and paper, but there has been a high level of inward investment (including foreign direct investment in manufacturing and finance).
This means that Bristol has now developed many industries, which means it has an important role in the global marketplace.
15
Q
Importance of Bristol in the UK -Social
A
Bristol holds a strategic position on the M4 corridor, with good road and rail links.
This means easy access to London from the city, (under 2 hrs by train) which increases the likelihood of commuters staying there.
16
Q
Social importance of Bristol - EXTRAS
A
-2 Cathedrals: Bristol (Anglican) and Clifton (Roman Catholic) so the city is attractive to Christians of different denominations
-2 Universities provide education opportunities that attract students from all over the world (and enable them to access a range of professional, managerial, and knowledge- based jobs)
17
Q
Importance of Bristol in the wider world- Social
A
Bristol’s port offers ferry services to Europe, while the city’s airport connects it to major European cities and the USA.
This means that the city is an important international transport hub.
18
Q
Describe the location of Bristol.
A
Bristol is located in South West England, approximately 2km northwest of Bath.
It is located across the Bristol channel from Newport, Wales.
The nearest rivers are the Severn and the Avon.
The motorways M4 and M5 run through the city.
19
Q
What is Bristol our case study for?
A
Urban change in UK cities leading to a variety of social, economic, and environmental opportunities and challenges.
20
Q
What makes Bristol a major UK city?
A
It is the largest city in the south west of England, with a population predicted to reach 500,000 by 2029.
It is one of the UK’s ten ‘core cities’ and is of importance in the UK and the wider world (socially, economically, AND environmentally).
21
Q
Bristol is home to Aardman, who have made a name for the city internationally. Who are Aardman?
A
The animators who created Wallace and Gromit.
22
Q
Where was Ribena invented?
A
Bristol
23
Q
National migration
A
The migration of people within a country.
24
Q
International migration
A
The migration of people from one country to a different one.
25
What are the positive impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol?
-Increased cultural diversity
-Reduced racial tension
-Gaps filled in the labour market
-Boosted economy
26
Positive impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol -Increased cultural diversity
Migration has made Bristol multicultural, with over 91 languages spoken.
27
Positive impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol - Reduced racial tension
Bristol has developed into a cosmopolis.
This has led to cultural exchange and enrichment to the local culture.
An awareness of different cultures has helped to reduce racial tensions in the city.
28
Positive impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol - gaps filled in the labour market
Migrants have filled gaps in the labour market, particularly in roles requiring either high or low skill.
They're part of a hardworking and motivated workforce.
29
Positive impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol - Boosted economy
Migrants work in various sectors, from health to construction to retail.
This means that they are earning (and spending) so have to pay tax to the government.
Which means that Bristol's growing population has led to a significant boost in its economy.
30
Why is a boosted economy good?
If the government receives more money from taxes, this means that a higher amount can be invested.
For example, into developing social services and facilities within the city like hospitals and public toilets.
Which improves people's quality of life.
31
However, some migrants start their own businesses, leading to what?
More job creation and innovation.
32
The diverse population has impacted education, with schools...
...adapting to multilingual cohorts of students.
Hence International schools in the city.
33
What are the negative impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol?
-Pressure on public services
-Pressure on transport
-Increased waste generation and resource consumption
34
Negative impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol - Pressure on public services
Migration puts pressure on public services like housing, health, and education.
For example, by creating shortages of medication and longer waiting times for healthcare appointments.
This means that people might not get the help they need as quickly as desired, which can lead to more sickness and stress.
(migration has therefore impacted the character of the city negatively)
35
Negative impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol - Pressure on Public transport
An increase in population puts pressure on public transport.
This means an increase in private vehicles on the road, which means an increase in pollution levels.
36
Negative impacts of migration on the growth and character of Bristol - Increased waste generation and resource consumption
Migration has led to a dramatic population increase.
This means that there has been a substantial amount of urban development, which has had environmental implications such as an increase in waste generation and resource consumption.
37
In what years did Bristol's population double and why?
From 1851 to 1891
Individuals migrated to the city for employment.
38
Give two pieces of evidence to show that Bristol is an ethnically diverse city.
-People from more than 180 birth countries populate the city
-At least 91 distinct languages are spoken
39
Bristol's history
-Developed as a port in the middle ages
-Role in the triangular trade route connecting West Africa and the West Indies (18th C.)
-Wealth from role in Slave trade fuelled the City's growth
40
Explain why people migrated to Bristol from Wales.
To work in the factories and dockyards due to the industrial revolution.
41
What countries do many of Bristol's immigrants come from now?
EU countries, notably Poland and Spain.
Bristol sees many migrants from these countries planning to establish permanent residency.
42
Explain why people migrated to Bristol from the Caribbean.
In 1948, the Windrush brought many migrants over to the UK from the Caribbean to fill in job shortages following the war.
Bristol was a destination for many of these migrants.
43
Why might people migrate to Bristol?
To take advantage of the opportunities the city provides (e.g. employment opportunities)
44
What are the socio-economic opportunities created by urban change?
-Cultural mix
-Recreation
-Entertainment
-Employment
-Integrated transport systems
45
Socio-economic opportunities created by urban change - Cultural mix
Migrants from the Caribbean occupy an area of Bristol called St Paul's.
The large African and Afro-Caribbean population have brought a range of food, festivals, and cultural experience.
Which has led to increased cultural diversity and awareness in Bristol.
Talk about the other migrants too!
46
Socio-economic opportunities created by urban change - Recreation [example]
Cabot's circus is a major regenerated part of the city centre (costing £500 million) .
The area contains many shops, leisure facilities, a hotel, and 250 apartments.
This means that it is attractive to both residents and visitors, which brings money into the area (increasing local revenue).
47
Socio-economic opportunities created by urban change - Entertainment
-Bristol's Harbourside has been restored and redeveloped (SS GB)
-Many workshops and warehouses have been converted into venues
-Go back to TOURISM in the city and its importance (revenue, improves character)
48
Socio-economic opportunities created by urban change - Employment
There was a boom in tertiary industry since the closing of Bristol's port.
This means increased employment opportunities within the sector.
Which means more people can make a stable income and improve their quality of life.
49
Socio-economic opportunities created by urban change - Integrated transport systems
Bristol has introduced an integrated transport system which connects different methods of transport in the city (train and bus lines; ferries).
This has made travelling by public transport (e.g. Metrobus) easier, so more people will be inclined to use it.
Which reduces traffic congestion and pollution from car exhausts.
50
How many people does the St, Paul's carnival attract per year?
The St. Pauls carnival (a product of the Windrush generation) attracts arounds 40,000 people each year.
51
Why is it important that jobs in the tertiary industry are taxed?
So that the government can gain money from the many people working in the tertiary sector.
Which allows for more investment in improving welfare, healthcare, defence, education etc.
52
What is wrong with the St Pauls area?
Despite the large community of migrants providing support for each other, they've been slightly separated from the rest of Bristol's population.
53
What are the environmental opportunities created by urban change?
-Urban greening
54
Environmental opportunities created by urban change - Urban greening
As Bristol grows, city planners are forced to create green spaces when building regeneration areas.
Urban greening is part of the reason Bristol is the UK's most environmentally friendly city.
55
Urban greening example
Queen square was once a dual carriageway but now forms gardens with a cycle route.
This means that people are encouraged to travel by bicycle rather than by car, which reduces pollution.
There will be also less traffic congestion which makes a more pleasant living environment.
56
What are the socio-economic challenges created by urban change?
-Urban deprivation
-Housing inequalities
-Inequalities in education
-Inequalities in health
-Inequalities in employment
57
Socio-economic challenges created by urban change - urban deprivation
Deindustrialisation in Bristol means there is now a lack of low skilled jobs available.
This means that many people lack the income to maintain their properties, which means that certain areas of the city have become poor - deprived of quality housing.
58
Deprivation
The extent to which an individual or community is lacking or deprived of services.
59
Deindustrialisation of Bristol
There has been a decrease in industry linked to Bristol's harbour and railways but an increase in service industries.
60
Urban deprivation example
Filwood is an area which has urban deprivation.
Many homes are rented yet poorly insulated.
This is a challenge because people will be paying a lot of money for poor quality housing, which means their life satisfaction will be low.
61
Socio-economic challenges created by urban change - Housing inequalities
Regeneration attracts wealthy people to the inner city.
This means that house prices rise, which means that former residents (who can no longer afford the accommodation) must leave.
This process is called gentrification.
62
Housing inequalities (gentrification) example
The regeneration of housing at Bristol's harbourside has led to the replacement of terraced houses with expensive flats, averaging £400,000 in cost.
This has forced former residents to move as they can't afford the new housing.
They are often relocated to poorer areas, which puts pressure on social housing.
63
Socio-economic challenges created by urban change - Inequalities in education
36% of GCSE students in Filwood (an area of high deprivation) achieve top grades in maths and English, compared to 94% in Stoke Bishop (an area with little deprivation).
64
Socio-economic challenges created by urban change - Inequalities in health
People in deprived areas are less healthy because drinking, smoking, poor diets, and lack of exercise are more common than in richer areas.
TMT many people fall ill, which puts pressure on health services, and also has an economic impact if people take lots of time off sick.
Due to an increased population, the NHS are already under pressure so less people receive the help they need (including for mental health).
65
Socio-economic challenges created by urban change - Inequalities in employment
Children living in deprived areas (e.g. Filwood) leave school with low qualifications.
This means that they are more likely to face unemployment than people from wealthier area.
E.g. only 3% of 16 - 24 year olds are unemployed in Stoke Bishop, but 1/3 are unemployed in Filwood.
66
Why does people's health and education suffer in highly deprived areas?
-Poor quality housing e.g. no central heating; dirt
-Little money for food/uniform
67
Why is unemployment an issue?
Unemployed people may turn to crime, (e.g. stealing food to survive or vandalism for entertainment).
This makes areas unattractive and dangerous.
Which means tourism is unlikely so the area can't develop
and stays poor.
The government have to pay unemployment benefits, which means less money can be invested.
68
Life expectancy is lower than the national average in many deprived areas. For example...
The life expectancy in Filwood (an area of high deprivation) is 78 years, compared to 83 years in Stoke Bishop (an area with little deprivation).
69
What are the environmental challenges created by urban change?
-Dereliction
-Building on brownfield and greenfield sites
-Waste disposal
70
Environmental challenges created by urban change - dereliction
Due to deindustrialisation in Bristol, numerous warehouses and historical buildings have fallen into disrepair.
This encourages vandalism which makes areas unattractive, and therefore leads to a drop in house prices.
Furthermore, vandalism often leads to people committing other crimes as they think nobody cares for the area.
71
Environmental challenges created by urban change - building on brownfield sites
Building houses on Brownfield sites (Particularly in Bristol Temple Quarter) is challenging because the land needs clearing and decontaminating first.
The expensive clean up puts off lots of house builders from improving the inner city.
Furthermore, buildings cost extra when built here so people are not inclined to pay for new infrastructure.
72
Dereliction
Abandoned buildings and wasteland
73
Greenfield site
A plot of land, often in a rural area, that hasn't been built on before.
74
Dereliction example
Stokes Croft has become run down since Industry left the city centre.
The area is notorious for its derelict housing and abandoned properties.
These include the Perry's Carriage Works, (vandalised!) which is now a listed building.
Many empty houses have been taken over by squatters, and the area has suffered from riots and antisocial behaviour.
This is a challenge because high crime rates make the area dangerous.
75
Brownfield site
Land that has been used, abandoned, and now awaits reuse. Often found in urban areas.
76
Environmental challenges created by urban change - building on greenfield sites
Growing suburbs in the North West of Bristol (around Bradley Stoke) have turned rural areas into urban ones.
This means that greenfield sites - required for recreational purposes - are lost, which means that people don't have a space to escape the busy city.
This leads to worse mental health
77
Environmental challenges created by urban change - Waste Disposal
Bristol produces half a million tonnes of waste each year, but doesn't have the facility to recycle large amounts of waste properly (landfill sites are filling up).
This means that lots of waste is dumped, which creates plastic pollution and leeches toxic chemicals into the ground.
Furthermore, some waste has to be transported North (e.g. to Liverpool) to be disposed of.
This is expensive, so council tax payers have to pay more.
78
What is the impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe?
Three types of development uprise:
-Out of town developments
-Large housing estates
-Commuter Settlements
79
Rural-urban fringe
A zone of transition between a built-up area and the countryside.
There is competition between rural and urban land uses so the two mix.
This makes the rural-urban fringes vulnerable to urban sprawl.
80
Urban sprawl
Unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding rural areas.
81
The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe - Out of town developments
Out of town, there is lots of space and cheaper land.
Furthermore, no ULEZ charge is required to drive here.
This means that these locations are preferable to ones withing the city for building car parks and homing businesses.
Which means that many people drive and from the developments for work, creating pollution and congestion
Over time, they too will develop into crowded areas.
82
Give an example of an Out of town development, Bristol
Cribbs Causeway
83
ULEZ
ultra low emission zone
84
The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe - Large housing estates
Large housing estates have been built on greenfield sites.
Many houses can fit there which have accessibility to both the city centre and rural areas.
However, the building process destroys large areas of open, green spaces and ecosystems.
This is a challenge because the environment will be less pleasant overall (no escape from busy city=worse mental health) and species may lose their habitats.
85
Give an example of a large housing estate, Bristol
Bradley Stoke
86
The impact of urban sprawl on the rural-urban fringe -the growth of commuter settlements
The demand for houses in commuter settlements means that house prices are high.
This forces former residents to move.
Wealthy commuters also push up the prices of goods e.g. a drink at the pub.
Small, rural roads cannot cope with cars travelling in and out every day which increases congestion.
87
Give an example of a commuter settlement
Thornbury
88
How many crimes are reported per year in Filwood vs Stoke Bishop?
Over 1300, compared to 300.
89
Commuter settlement
A place, usually a small village around a city, that wealthy people move into.
These people prefer rural living but commute to the city for work each day, which encourages increased car usage.
90
Urban greening
The process of increasing and preserving open spaces in urban areas e.g. public parks and gardens.
91
Integrated transport system definition
When different transport methods connect, making journeys smoother and public transport more appealing.
92
Regeneration
Strategies to improve an area e.g. the construction of new infrastructure.
93
Boom in tertiary industry example
The Defence Procurement Agency built a new headquarters at Filton, Bristol.
1000 people now have long- term, secure employment (as the military will not go bust).
94
What is our example of an urban regeneration project?
The regeneration of Bristol Temple Quarter.
95
Why is there now housing at the Harbourside?
So that people will readily use the facilities here e.g. local cafes and other venues.
96
How is Bristol changing?
-Used to be a port town, trading slaves, tobacco, and wine
-Is now a modern tourist destination and centre for tertiary industries
-The population is growing due to national and international migration.
97
How has urban growth led to urban sprawl in Bristol?
(impacting the rural-urban fringe)
-Growing population = increased demand for housing
-3200 houses lost in WW2 so displaced ppl needed new homes
-So, new housing estates have been built on the rural-urban fringe, extending the city's boundaries
-This includes more social (council) houses
98
Give an example of a Brownfield site in Bristol
The Paintworks
99
The pattern of deprivation in Bristol is...
uneven
100
Gentrification
Regenerating an area so much that people get priced out.
101
How much of Bristol is open space? (urban greening)
Over 1/3
102
In 1955, how many families were moving into estates per week?
43
103
What was Bristol Temple Quarter like in the past?
-It was an industrial centre since the Middle Ages.
-Former industries included rope, oil, a (blue) glass works, an iron foundry, fallow.
104
Why did the Bristol Temple Quarter need regeneration?
-Contamination from industry
-Dereliction
-Poverty and crime
-People didn't want to invest (brownfield sites= expensive)
105
Describe the location of the Bristol Temple Quarter
-Inner city
-West of Bristol's CBD
-Mainly north of the river Avon
-Surrounds Bristol Temple Meads train station.
106
What are the main features of The Bristol Temple Quarter regeneration project?
-The Paintworks
-The planned Arena island (including Bristol Arena)
-An improved railway line and modernised station (Bristol Temple Meads)
-Temple Quay offices
-Renovation of Brunel's Engine Shed
107
Features of The Bristol Temple Quarter regeneration project - An improved railway line and modernised station
Bristol Temple Meads train station has been modernised.
The railway line is now electrified and has been made more efficient.
108
Features of The Bristol Temple Quarter regeneration project - Temple Quay offices
Temple Quay provides space for lots of new offices e.g. PWC and Burges Salmon.
109
Features of The Bristol Temple Quarter regeneration project - Renovation of Brunel's Engine Shed
Brunel's historic Engine Shed has been renovated to house the new innovation centre.
This provides spaces for new high-tech and creative industries.
110
Features of The Bristol Temple Quarter regeneration project - -The planned Arena island (including Bristol Arena)
The planned new Bristol Arena was going to host many exhibitions and sporting events, with a capacity of 12,000 people.
This has now been replaced with plans for housing but nothing has been done yet = "Bridge to nowhere".
111
Features of The Bristol Temple Quarter regeneration project - The paintworks
The Paintworks has been converted into office space and flats whilst keeping character (e.g. old doors have been replaced with large glass panels).
112
How much money does the Temple Quarter hope to contribute to the economy?
£1.6 billion per year.
113
Regeneration
Using strategies to improve an area e.g. constructing new infrastructure.
