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Urban Problems, Planning and Regenerations Flashcards

Unit 2 (45 cards)

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1
Q

Why may countries not have enough supply of houses

A

Demand exceeds supply

Sudden increase in population

Can’t sprawl

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2
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

Spreading of urban town or city through new construction of housing and industry around the perimeter

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3
Q

Definition of a slum

A

Slums are informal settlements characterized by inadequate housing and lack of access to basic services like water, sanitation and electricity

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4
Q

Causes of slums

A

rapid population growth (due to rural-urban migration)

Limited formal housing options

Poverty (limited financial resources)

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5
Q

Characteristics of a slum

A

Informal construction

Lack of infrastructure (roads, sanitation systems, and access to clean water and electricity

Overcrowding (high density=limited space)

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6
Q

Implications of slums

A

Health risks-overcrowding, sanitation, lack of clean water

Social- Crime, drugs, violence due to lack of governance and security

Environmental- Deforestation, soil erosion, pollution

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7
Q

What causes urban sprawl?

A

Population growth-demand for more housing

Transportation infrastructure - construction of transport makes it easier to commute

land use policies - zoning regulations and land use policies may encourage the development of low-density housing in suburban area

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8
Q

Characteristics of urban sprawl

A

Low density development

Automobile dependence

Loss of agricultural land

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9
Q

Implications of urban sprawl

A

Environments impact- habitat loss, increase air and water pollution, increase energy consumption and transport

Infrastructure costs

Social impacts - social isolation, low density housing may result in ess social interaction

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10
Q

Implications for urban planners when planning

A

Needs for sustainable urban development - addressing slums therefore requires a holistic approach

Inclusive urban planning - consider need of all residence

Infrastructure development - basic services, improving living conditions

Community engagement- meet needs of community

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11
Q

Impact of lack of water in slums housing areas

A

Health -
no clean water = waterborne diseases
Contaminated water = risk of infection

Income
- spending money on clean water and not other essentials
- Time spent collecting it instead of generating and income

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12
Q

Impact of lack of sanaitation in slums housing areas

A

Health-
Increase diease risk
Inadiquate waste managment -environmental contamination and spread of disease

Income-
medical expenses
missed work days

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13
Q

Impact of lack of Electricity in slums housing areas

A

Health-
limit refrigeration of food and medicine- impact health and nutrition

Income-
hinder educational opportunities and income generating activities

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14
Q

How can organisations give slums the essential services

A

Governments and NGOs can ompliment policies to improve access to affordable services in slums

  • infrastructure development
  • Sustaible solutions - community participation, long term planning
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15
Q

Definition of solid waste management

A

Involves the collection, transport, disposal and recycling or reprocessing of solid waste

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16
Q

Challenges in developing countries for solid water management

A

illegal dumping = health hazard

landfill costs and environmental impacts = GHG

Street collectors - work in poor condition and face health risks

Recycling - lack of awareness and infrastructure

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17
Q

Challenges in developed countries for solid waste management

A

landfill costs and space contraints

Environmental impacts - ground water contamination, air pollution (GHG)

Recycling - reduce waste, conserve natural resources

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18
Q

Sustainable solutions for waste management

A

Waste reduction
Improve collection and segregation
Public awareness and education
Investment in infrastructure

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19
Q

What is formal employment?

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A

Economic activity that are legally recognised and regulated, with workers receiving regular wages and benefits

20
Q

What is informal employment?

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A

Unregulated and often unrecognized economic activities and jobs

21
Q

What are gated communities

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A

Residential areas enclosed by walls, fences or gates with restricted access

22
Q

What is industrialisation?

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A

Growth of industries and manufacturing activities in a region

23
Q

Factors that have lead to an increase in motor vehicles

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A

Industrialisation - as industries grow the demand for transport grown and therefore leads to dvelopment in transport infrstruture

Economic development - therefore person income increases and purchesing power therefroe increase demand for veheclas for easier tranpot

Rising affluence - more people able to afford vehcles

Urbanisation - more opotininies = higher income = able to by vehcles

24
Q

Traffic congestion implications

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A

Economic development
- constrians economic growth
- increase cost of transport
- Impact of businesses as it delays deliver = less effient
-Loss of productivity
-Impact torism - deter

Human wellbeing
- Stress
- Health impacts (air pollution)
- Quality of life (limits accesablity)
-length of work day (decrease relaxation time)

Environmental impacts
- Air pollution
-GHG emision
-Noise pollution

25
Impacts of Urban air pollution
Long term- respotory diseases, heart disease, strokes and lung cance Short term- asthma, repiratory infections Elderly and children are more vunerbale
26
Who is WHO?
WHO is the worlds health organisation they set guidlines for air quality based on levels of pollutents that are considered safe for human health If it exeeds these WHO standards, it can lead to health implications
27
Costs and Benifits of major infracturure projects for urban transport
Benifits- Reduce congestion improve accesability enviromental benifits economic development -creates jobs Costs High costs Disruption Enviromental impacts = constriction means GHG emmisions Habitat destruction Some places become more exesbale where other are not
28
Ways to limit congestion
Congestion charging - charge for certain areas to decrease congestion Success -effective implimentation -public acceptence Pedestrianisation- Limmiting vahicls from areas to create pedestrian areas success -urban design -Alertnative transport Park and ride-Provide parking facilities on the outskirts o urban areas with easy access to public transport succsess - convenient access -Affordable No Drive days success - Public awarness -Alternative transport Road pricing -charging vehicals for road usage Success -fairness -Alternate options
29
Importance of public housing
Affordability - for low icome families Social cohesion - promotes social integration and reduce segregation Urban planning- improve overall quality of life
30
Challenges with public housing
Stigma -negative perception Maintenance- ageing public housing stock requires significant maintenance and renovation financial sustainability -funding Design and planning - poorly constructed
31
What is consolidation and how does it improve slum housing
Consolidation is the process by which residents and communities in informal settlements improve their living conditions over time through action and investment it increases development and access to services by community participation improvemnts: - Housing upgrades -Infrastircture development -Social capital Governemnt support
32
Challges with the porcees of consolidation to improve slum housing
Lack of legal owbershio-restricts ability to invest access to services Resillince to displacment
33
Role of NGOs and Community groups in improving housing and services in slums (developing)
Improving hosuing - upgrade projects -increas access to clean water, sanitation and electricity Land tenure - securing land therefore preventing forced eviction Services provision-essential services - healthcare - Education -Water and sanitation
34
Role of NGOs and Community groups in improving housing and services in slums (developed)
affordable housing -subside or parnership with governemnts -cooperative housing (residents collectibly own and manage the hosuing) -Adapting existing housing into afforbake hosuing Homelessness prevention -support - Support services -cousilling, job training -Emergency shelter Challanges -Funding -Givernmemnt support - hinder effectieness -Scale
35
How do you minimes social and economic problems in urban areas?
Social - Planned cities decrease social issues such as Overcowding,poverty, crime, Provides well designed housing infrastructure and comunity facilies Enviromental - Green spaces -efficent transport systems - Sustainable practites Minimise envormental issus
36
What is urban regeneration?
Involves the physical, social and economic improvement of an urban area, which is usually in decine
37
Objectives of urban regeneration
Economic-stimulate ecomonic growth and attract investment Social- improve social cohesion, reduce poverty, and enhance the well-being of residence Environmental- promote sustainable development , enhance green spaces and improve environmental quality
38
Strategies to achieve objective for urban regeneration
Physical redevelopment- Referbishing, newinfrastucture, green spaces Social progemas- Afforable housing, community centres Economic- Attracting businesses , job opportunities, supporting local entrepreneurships to simulate economic growth, reduce unemployment Environmental- Renewable energy, waste management, green infrastructure
39
Challenges for urban regeneration
Funding Community engagement May lead to displacing local residence
40
Roles in urban regeneration
Planners local government Businesses Residents
41
Planners role in urban regeneration
They design and impliment regeneration projects to improve urban areas Role: Develop strategies, conduct research Aim: Improve infrastructure, create sustainable environments and enhance quality of life Conflict: Prioritise long term sustainability leading to conflicts with businesses seeking immediate profit
42
Local governments role in urban regeneration
Impliment policeis and provide services for residence Role:refulae development, allocate funding, contribute to local economy Aims:maximis economic growth, adress social issues, improve infrastructure Confliuct: resource allication , ballancing needs of residence, buisness =es and the envroment
43
Buisnesses role in urban regeneration
Private sector entities invest in and operate within regenerated areas Role:create jobs,economic growth, contirbute to local economy Aim: maximise profit , expand market, achive buisness objective Conflict: prioritise profit over social and evromental concerns
44
Residents role in urban regeneration
People living in regenerated areas Role: dirrectly effects and contibute to local communities Aim: improve living conditions, access toservices and community cohesion Conflict:resist changes, fail to adress needs
45
Sustainable urban regeneration
Resorce consumption and energy effiency Social equipity -Afforbake housing -education health care -inclusive public space Community identity and representation pollution reduction -transport -green tequnology -Waste managment -Energy production Challanges: funding ballancing ecnomic development with enoemntal and socail goals Oppotunities: more sustaible inclusive resilient

Geography (8 decks)

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