Urban Theories And Practices

Question 1

Urban Theories and Practices

Answer 1

• garden cities
• city beautiful movement
• new capitals
• the neighborhood unit
• city of towers
• broad acres
• radical urban ideas
• contemporary world urbanization

Question 2

Author of “Tomorrow: A peaceful path to social reform” (1898)

Answer 2

Ebenezer Howard

Question 3

On of the most important books in the history of urban planning

Answer 3

Garden Cities of Tomorrow

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Mother town population

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58k to 65k

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Smaller garden cities population

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30k to 32k each

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with permanent green space separating the cities with the towns

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The garden city movement

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Advocated the concept of the ‘social city’

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The garden city movement

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Polycentric settlement, growth without limit, surrounded by a greenbelt; towns grows by cellular addition into a complex

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Social city

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The 3 magnets

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• town
• country
• town-country

Question 10

combined the advantages of the town by way of access and all of he advantages of the country by way of the environment without any of the disadvantages of either

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Garden city

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Urban agglomeration

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En bloc

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Followers of howard

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• Sir Frederick Osborne
• Raymund Unwin
• Barry Parker

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Hampstead garden suburbs opened in

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1907

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Called the 3rd garden city

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Wythenshawe

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First garden city

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Letchworth

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2nd garden city

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Welwyn

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Modification of Howard’s principles

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• background of open space instead of greenbelts
• dividing the town into clearly articulated neighborhood units

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Father of American city planning

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Daniel Burnham

Question 19

Daniel Burnham famous words

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Make no little plans

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Influenced the world fairs of the late 19th century, like the 1891 Columbian exposition in chicago

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Daniel Burnham

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Golden era of urban design in the US

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The City beautiful era

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Was a totally designed system of main circulation arteries, a network of parks and clusters

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The city beautiful era

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Total concentration on the monumental and on the superficial

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The city beautiful era

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Worked on the reconstruction of Paris

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Baron George Eugene Hausmann

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Capital of Brazil

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Brasilia

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Brasilia was designed by

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Lucio Costa

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Old capital of Brazil

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Rio de Janeiro

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The biggest planning exercise of the 20th century

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Brasilia

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Did not include a single population projection

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Brasilia

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A close friend of Lucio costa, was the chief architect of most public buildings

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Oscar Niemeyer

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Brasilia landscape designer

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Robert Burle Marx

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Brasilia was built in

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41 months

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The city has been both acclaimed and criticized for its use of modernist architecture on a grand scale

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Brasilia

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The only realized plan of Le Corbusier

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Chandigarh

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Original master-planner of Chandigarh

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Albert Myer

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Chandigarh , the only realized plan of

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Le Corbusier

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A regular grid of major roads for rapid transport

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Chandigarh

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The whole plan represents a large scale application of the Radburn principle

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New capitals Chandigarh

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The Radburn idea or new town idea

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Clarence Stein

Question 40

was to create a series of superblocks

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Radburn Idea

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Typified by the backyards of homes facing the street and front of homes facing each other over common yards

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Radburn

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New capitals Basic layout of the community

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• super-block concept • cluster grouping • interior parklands • separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic to promote safety

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Every home was planned with access to park walks

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New capitals radburn

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Book by Clarence Perry

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The neighborhood unit

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Certain services which are provided everyday for groups of population who can’t or do not travel far

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Neighborhood unit

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Defined as the physical environment wherein social, cultural, educational, and commercial are within easy reach of each other

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The neighborhood unit

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Concerns self sustainability of smaller unit

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The neighborhood unit

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Principles based on the natural facilities such as primary schools and local shops

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The neighborhood unit

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Popularly known as Le Corbusier

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Charles - Eduoard Jeanneret

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Charles - Eduoard Jeanneret - popularly known as

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Le Corbusier

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Was conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book

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The city of towers

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Traditional city has become functionally obsolete, due to increasing size and increasing congestion at the centre.

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The city of tomorrow and the radiant city

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A self - contained ‘vertical city’, with modular housing units for 1600 people

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Unite’ d’ Habitation

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Anchored on objective to decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their densities

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La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)

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also conceptualized Le Contemporaine

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Le Corbusier

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high-rise offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt for a population of 3m people

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Le Contemporaine

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He wrote the “ The disappearing city” and later “Broadacres”

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Frank Lloyd Wright

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Proposing that each US family would be given an acre of land

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Broadacres

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That mass transport by car would allow cities to spread widely into countryside

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Broadacres

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Homes would be connected by superhighways

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Broadacres

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Proposed to house a significant amount of Manhattan residents to free up spaces for Greenfields

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Mile high tower

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A proposed skyscraper that would have been 1 mile high

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Mile high tower

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An urban plan for an elongated urban formation

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The linear city

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The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors

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The linear city

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The 3d city by Paolo Soleri

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The Arcology Alternative

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Automobiles are eliminated from the confines of the city

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The Arcology Alternative

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Multi-use of nature of the buildings

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The Arcology Alternative

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Proposed by Edgar Chambless

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Motopia

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Vehicular traffic will be along rooftops of a continuous network buildings

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Motopia

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Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary urban designers that proposed underwater cities

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Science cities

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A city that would float free in the ocean

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The floating city

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Mixed-use development that was built in response to the pressures of automobile

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The Barbican City

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Radial ideas

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• the linear city • the arcology alternative • motopia • science cities • the floating city The barbican city

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Large cities used to be the exception prior to the 20th century, but a few did exist in antiquity

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“Millionaire” Cities

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Generated jobs, increased productivity, and opened up mass markets for goods

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Industrial Revolution

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Factors that contribute to urban growth

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• transportation innovation • improved infrastructure • iron and steel construction • the electric elevator • improved medicine

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Concept coined by Jean Gottmann for urban complexes on the Northeastern United States

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Megalopolis

Question 78

Megalopolis is a concept coined by

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Jean Gottmann

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The term means “great city” in Greek

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Megalopolis

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Used to refer to massive urban concentrations created from strong physical linkages between three or more large cities

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Megalopolis

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An urbanist and activist whose writings championed a fresh, community-based approach to city building

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Jane Jacobs

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This book is a strong critique of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s, which, she claimed l, destroyed communities

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The death and life of great American cities

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Introduced ground-breaking ideas about how cities function, evolve and fail.

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The death and life of great American cities

Question 84

Jane Jacobs Developed the principle of _______ to guide building developers on how to enhance community/ public safety

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Eyes on the Street

Question 85

Some of Jane Jacobs principles have resulted in a phenomenon known as

Answer 85

Gentrification