Urbanisation

Question 1

Urbanisation=

Answer 1

An increasing proportion of the country’s population lives in towns and cities

Question 2

Counter-urbanisation =

Answer 2

People ( usually retired) move from the city to rural areas for a quieter life - other reasons: economic contraction or natural disasters e.ga detroit or new Orleans

Question 3

Megacity =

Answer 3

A city or urban area with a population of more than 10 million people

Question 4

Meta city

Answer 4

Conurbation with more than 20 million people.

Question 5

Urban growth =

Answer 5

Increase in numbers of urban dwellers

Question 6

Urban sprawl=

Answer 6

The spread of an urban area into Que surrounding area.

Question 7

Causes of urban growth

Answer 7

• economic + social transformations = geographical mobility and lower fertility and birth rates
• reducing poverty
• education, business, transport and political and cultural participation.

Question 8

urban sprawls negative impacts

Answer 8

1)less economically efficient-requires more roads, pipes, infrastructure, cables and wires
2)main cause of wildlife habitat loss
3)causes more commuting= more fuel consumption and congestion
4)increase air pollution- more car dependant lifestyle
5)loss of farmland and local fresh food= greater food miles
6)affects water quality and quantity- cover rural areas with impermeable surface= rain cannot soak into ground + replenish groundwater aquifers
7)movement of businesses and industries outward= decline in retail in city centres
8)self-contained cities developing beyond original city boundary

Question 9

decentralisation=

Answer 9

the movement of businesses and industries into the suburbs

Question 10

consequences of high population density in urban areas=

Answer 10

shortage of housing causing people to move out into informal and inadequate housing e.g slums
these usually develop on the edge of cities or in areas prone to environmental hazards or areas badly affected by noise, air or water pollution

Question 11

targets to help those living in slums

Answer 11

post-2015 = ‘ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums by 2030’

previously = extreme strategies adopted by authorities was to eradicate slums

most common =acknowledge the presence of slums and provide help in the form of materials and services by securing dwellers with electricity, water and waste disposal

SDI (slum dwellers independence) gives a voice to those living in informal settlements to share their knowledge and expertise so that they are not excluded from the economic and political processes happening in their cities